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Data extracted in February 2021
Fiche created in May 2024
Note to the reader: This general fiche summarises all the environmental and climate impacts of SOIL AMENDMENT WITH BIOCHAR found in a review of 37 synthesis papers[1]. These papers were selected from an initial number of 132 obtained through a systematic literature search strategy, according to the inclusion criteria reported in section 4. The impacts reported here are those for which there is scientific evidence available in published synthesis papers, what does not preclude the farming practice to have other impacts on the environment and climate still not covered by primary studies or by synthesis papers.
The synthesis papers review a number of primary studies ranging from 5 to 208. Therefore, the assessment of impacts relies on a large number of results from the primary studies, obtained mainly in field conditions, or sometimes in lab experiments or from model simulations.
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE FARMING PRACTICE
- Description:
- Biochar application to soils is being considered as a means to sequester carbon (C) while concurrently improving soil functions. Biochar is charcoal that is produced by pyrolysis of biomass in the absence of oxygen; it is used as a soil ameliorant for both carbon sequestration and soil health benefits. Biochar is a stable solid that is rich in carbon and can endure in soil for thousands of years[2]
- Biochar is being investigated as a means of carbon sequestration[3]
- , and it may be a means to mitigate global warming and climate change[4]
- Key descriptors:
- A wide range of biomass types such as manure, sawdust, rice husk, wheat straw, corn cobs, sewage sludge, municipal wastes, crop residues and compost are used as feedstock to produce biochar[5]
- NA
2. EFFECTS OF THE FARMING PRACTICE ON CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
(table 1)
The table below shows the number of synthesis papers with statistical tests reporting i) a significant difference between the Intervention and the Comparator, that is to say, a significant statistical effect, which can be positive or negative; or ii) a non-statistically significant difference between the Intervention and the Comparator. In addition, we include, if any, the number of synthesis papers reporting relevant results but without statistical test of the effects. Details on the quality assessment of the synthesis papers can be found in the methodology section of this WIKI.
Out of the 37 selected synthesis papers, 15 included studies conducted in Europe, and 37 have a quality score higher than 50%.
Table 1: Summary of effects. Number of synthesis papers reporting positive, negative or non-statistically significant effects on environmental and climate impacts. The number of synthesis papers reporting relevant results but without statistical test of the effects are also provided. When not all the synthesis papers reporting an effect are of high quality, the number of synthesis papers with a quality score of at least 50% is indicated in parentheses. Some synthesis papers may report effects for more than one impact, or more than one effect for the same impact.
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| Statistically tested | Non-statistically tested | ||
Impact | Metric | Intervention | Comparator | Significantly positive | Significantly negative | Non-significant | |
Decrease Air pollutants emissions | NH3 emissions | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Increase Carbon sequestration | Native SOC | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Increase Carbon sequestration | Total SOC | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Decrease GHG emissions | CH4 | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
Decrease GHG emissions | N2O | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Decrease GHG emissions | aggregated soil GHG emission (as CO2eq) | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Decrease GHG emissions | yield-scaled aggregated soil GHG emission (as CO2eq) | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Increase Grassland production | Crop yield | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Decrease Heavy metals pollution | Bioavailability and plant uptake of toxic compounds | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 6 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Decrease Nutrient leaching and run-off | Nitrogen leaching | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Increase Plant nutrient uptake | Nutrient uptake | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Increase Plant nutrient uptake | Nutrient use efficiency | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Increase Soil biological quality | Soil microbial biomass | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Increase Soil physico-chemical quality | Soil physico-chemical quality | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Increase Soil water retention | Water retention | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Decrease Water use | Water use efficiency | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Increase Crop yield | Crop yield | Soil amendment with biochar | No amendment | 10 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
3. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTS ON CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The factors significantly influencing the size and/or direction of the effects on the impacts, according to the synthesis papers included in this review, are reported below. Details about the factors can be found in the summaries of the meta-analyses available in this WIKI.
Table 2: List of factors reported to significantly affect the size and/or direction of the effects on environmental and climate impacts, according to the synthesis papers reviewed. The reference number of the synthesis papers where those factors are explored is given in parentheses.
Impact | Factors |
Air pollutants emissions | Biochar application rate (Ref27), Biochar BET surface area (Ref20), Biochar carbon content (Ref20), Biochar pH (Ref20, Ref27), Fertiliser-N application rate (Ref20), NA (Ref27, Ref27, Ref27), Soil nitrogen (Ref20), Soil organic carbon (Ref20, Ref27), Soil pH (Ref20, Ref27) and Soil texture (Ref20, Ref27) |
Carbon sequestration | Bioachar feedstock (Ref35), Biochar application rate (Ref33, Ref35), Biochar feedstock (Ref33), Biochar labile-C content (Ref36), Biochar pyrolysis temperature (Ref35), Crop rotation (Ref16), Experimental conditions (Ref33), Land use type (Ref33), N-fertilisation rate (Ref16), NA (Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref13, Ref13, Ref13, Ref13, Ref13, Ref13, Ref13, Ref13, Ref33, Ref33, Ref33, Ref35, Ref35, Ref35, Ref35, Ref36, Ref36, Ref36, Ref36, Ref36, Ref36), Pedo-climatic conditions (Ref16), Soil depth (Ref16), Soil pH (Ref16, Ref33), Soil type (Ref16), Time scale (Ref16, Ref35, Ref36) and Water management (Ref16) |
GHG emissions | Biochar application rate (Ref15, Ref17, Ref19, Ref23, Ref26, Ref27), Biochar C/N (Ref21), Biochar C/N ratio and pH (Ref26), Biochar feedstock (Ref23, Ref26), Biochar incubation time in soil (Ref15), Biochar pyrolysis temperature (Ref23), Crop type (Ref17), Cropping system (Ref19), Fertilisation management (Ref17), N-fertilisation (Ref26), N fertilisation (Ref19), N fertilisation rate (Ref21), NA (Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref15, Ref15, Ref15, Ref15, Ref17, Ref17, Ref17, Ref19, Ref19, Ref19, Ref21, Ref21, Ref21, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref25, Ref25, Ref25, Ref25, Ref25, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27), Scale of experiment (Ref26), Soil C/N ratio (Ref21), Soil floading (Ref25), Soil organic carbon (Ref25, Ref27), Soil organic matter content (Ref17), Soil pH (Ref15, Ref19, Ref21, Ref26), Soil texture (Ref15, Ref19, Ref25, Ref26, Ref27), Soil type (Ref17, Ref26) and Time scale (Ref21) |
Heavy metals pollution | Biochar application rate (Ref4, Ref23, Ref24), Biochar feedstock (Ref23, Ref24, Ref28), Biochar pH (Ref24), Biochar pyrolysis temperature (Ref24, Ref28), Crop type (Ref1), Experimental conditions (Ref24), NA (Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref4, Ref11, Ref11, Ref11, Ref11, Ref11, Ref11, Ref11, Ref11, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref28, Ref28, Ref28), Particle size (Ref1), Post-modification of biochar (Ref4), Scale of experiment (Field, Pot, etc) (Ref4), Soil organic carbon (Ref1), Soil organic carbon content (Ref4, Ref24), Soil pH (Ref1, Ref4, Ref24, Ref28), Soil redox conditions (Ref4), Soil texture (Ref1, Ref4, Ref24), Time scale (Ref28) and Type of experiment (Ref28) |
Nutrient leaching and run-off | Biochar application rate (Ref17, Ref27), Crop type (Ref17), Fertilisation management (Ref17), NA (Ref17, Ref17, Ref17, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27), Soil organic carbon (Ref27), Soil texture (Ref17) and Soil type (Ref17) |
Plant nutrient uptake | Biochar application rate (Ref27), NA (Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref18, Ref18, Ref18, Ref18, Ref18, Ref18, Ref18, Ref18, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27), Soil cation exchange capacity (Ref27), Soil pH (Ref27) and Soil texture (Ref27) |
Soil biological quality | Biochar application rate (Ref5, Ref29, Ref33), Biochar feedstock (Ref33), Biochar particle size (Ref12), Biochar pyrolysis temperature (Ref29), Biochar specific surface area (Ref29), Experimental conditions (Ref33), Fertilisation (Ref29), Fertilisation practice (Ref33), Land use type (Ref33), NA (Ref5, Ref5, Ref5, Ref5, Ref5, Ref5, Ref5, Ref12, Ref12, Ref12, Ref12, Ref12, Ref29, Ref29, Ref32, Ref32, Ref32, Ref32, Ref32, Ref32, Ref32), Soil organic carbon (Ref12), Soil pH (Ref12, Ref33), Soil texture (Ref33), Soil type (Ref29), Time scale (Ref29, Ref32) and Vegetation presence (Ref33) |
Soil physico-chemical quality | Biochar application rate (Ref2, Ref34), Biochar feedstock (Ref34), Biochar pH (Ref2), Duration of treatment (Ref2), Metric type (Ref2), NA (Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref1, Ref2, Ref7, Ref7, Ref7, Ref7, Ref7, Ref7, Ref7, Ref34, Ref34, Ref34, Ref34, Ref34), Soil organic carbon (Ref2), Soil pH (Ref2), Soil texture (Ref7, Ref34) and Soil type (Ref2) |
Soil water retention | Biochar-Carbon application rate (Ref14), Biochar application rate (Ref7), Biochar application rates (Ref34), Biochar carbon content (Ref7), Biochar particle size (Ref7), Biochar specific surface area (Ref7), Experiment type (Ref7, Ref14, Ref34), NA (Ref7, Ref7, Ref14, Ref14, Ref14, Ref14, Ref14, Ref14, Ref34, Ref34, Ref34, Ref34, Ref34) and Soil texture (Ref7, Ref34) |
Water use | Biochar application rate (Ref8), Biochar C content (Ref8), Biochar C/N (Ref10), Biochar K content (Ref8), Biochar pH (Ref8), Biomass precursor (Ref8), Crop type (Ref10), Experimental conditions (Ref8), NA (Ref8, Ref10, Ref10, Ref10, Ref10, Ref10, Ref10) and Soil pH (Ref8) |
Crop yield | Biochar application rate (Ref27), Biochar ash content (Ref6), Biochar C/N ratio (Ref21), Biochar Cation exchange capacity (Ref6), Biochar nutrients content (Ref31), Biochar pH (Ref6), Biochar total carbon and total organic carbon (Ref6), Crop type (Ref10), N fertilisation rate (Ref21), NA (Ref3, Ref3, Ref3, Ref3, Ref3, Ref3, Ref3, Ref3, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref9, Ref10, Ref10, Ref10, Ref10, Ref10, Ref10, Ref15, Ref15, Ref15, Ref15, Ref15, Ref15, Ref15, Ref15, Ref21, Ref21, Ref21, Ref21, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref22, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref23, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27, Ref27, Ref31, Ref31, Ref31, Ref31, Ref31, Ref37, Ref37, Ref37, Ref37, Ref37), Pedo-climatic zone (Ref31), Soil C/N ratio and Soil organic carbon (Ref6), Soil cation exchange capacity (Ref27), Soil pH (Ref6, Ref23, Ref27, Ref31), Soil texture (Ref6, Ref10, Ref27), Soil total nitrogen (Ref6), Soil type (Ref21), Time of (Ref37), Time scale (Ref21), Tree species (Ref37) and Type of experiment (Ref37) |
4. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEARCH STRATEGY
Table 3: Systematic review search strategy - methodology and search parameters.
Parameter | Details |
Keywords | WOS: TOPIC: (biochar OR charcoal OR "black carbon") AND TOPIC: (soil OR agriculture OR farming) AND TOPIC: ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") |
Time reference | No time restriction. |
Databases | Web of Science and Scopus: run on 01 February 2021 |
Exclusion criteria | The main criteria that led to the exclusion of a synthesis paper are: |
5. SYNTHESIS PAPERS INCLUDED IN THE REVIEW
Table 4: List of synthesis papers included in this review. More details can be found in the summaries of the meta-analyses.
Ref Num | Author(s) | Year | Title | Journal | DOI |
Ref1 | Albert, HA; Li, X; Jeyakumar, P; Wei, L; Huang, LX; Huang, Q; Kamran, M; Shaheen, SM; Hou, DY; Rinklebe, J; Liu, ZZ; Wang, HL | 2021 | Influence of biochar and soil properties on soil and plant tissue concentrations of Cd and Pb: A meta-analysis | Sci Total Environ. 755:142582. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142582 |
Ref2 | Islam MU, Jiang F, Guo Z, Peng X. | 2021 | Does biochar application improve soil aggregation? A meta-analysis | Soil Tillage Res 209:104926 | 10.1016/j.still.2020.104926 |
Ref3 | Liu L, Li H, Zhu S, Gao Y, Zheng X, Xu Y. | 2021 | The response of agronomic characters and rice yield to organic fertilization in subtropical China: A three-level meta-analysis | F Crop Res. 263:108049. | 10.1016/j.fcr.2020.108049 |
Ref4 | Tian X, Wang D, Chai G, Zhang J, Zhao X. | 2021 | Does biochar inhibit the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of As and Cd in co-contaminated soils? A meta-analysis. | Sci Total Environ. 762:143117. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143117 |
Ref5 | Xu, WH; Whitman, WB; Gundale, MJ; Chien, CC; Chiu, CY | 2021 | Functional response of the soil microbial community to biochar applications | GCB Bioenergy 13:269–81 | 10.1111/gcbb.12773 |
Ref6 | Dai, YH; Zheng, H; Jiang, ZX; Xing, BS | 2020 | Combined effects of biochar properties and soil conditions on plant growth: A meta-analysis | Sci Total Environ. 713:136635. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136635 |
Ref7 | Edeh, IG; Masek, O; Buss, W | 2020 | A meta-analysis on biochar's effects on soil water properties - New insights and future research challenges | Sci Total Environ. 643:926–35. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136857 |
Ref8 | Gao, Y; Shao, GC; Lu, J; Zhang, K; Wu, SQ; Wang, ZY | 2020 | Effects of biochar application on crop water use efficiency depend on experimental conditions: A meta-analysis | F Crop Res. 249:107763 | 10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107763 |
Ref9 | Gu, JX; Wu, YY; Tian, ZY; Xu, HH | 2020 | Nitrogen use efficiency, crop water productivity and nitrous oxide emissions from Chinese greenhouse vegetables: A meta-analysis | Sci Total Environ. 743:140696. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140696 |
Ref10 | He, YH; Yao, YX; Ji, YH; Deng, J; Zhou, GY; Liu, RQ; Shao, JJ; Zhou, LY; Li, N; Zhou, XH; Bai, SH | 2020 | Biochar amendment boosts photosynthesis and biomass in C(3)but not C(4)plants: A global synthesis | GCB Bioenergy 12:605–17 | 10.1111/gcbb.12720 |
Ref11 | Hu, YM; Zhang, P; Yang, M; Liu, YQ; Zhang, X; Feng, SS; Guo, DW; Dang, XL | 2020 | Biochar is an effective amendment to remediate Cd-contaminated soils-a meta-analysis | Agric For Meteorol. 278:107625. | 10.1007/s11368-020-02726-9 |
Ref12 | Li, XN; Wang, T; Chang, SX; Jiang, X; Song, Y | 2020 | Biochar increases soil microbial biomass but has variable effects on microbial diversity: A meta-analysis | Sci Total Environ. 643:926–35. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141593 |
Ref13 | Payen FT, Sykes A, Aitkenhead M, Alexander P, Moran D, MacLeod M. | 2020 | Soil organic carbon sequestration rates in vineyard agroecosystems under different soil management practices: A meta-analysis | J. Clean. Prod. Elsevier 125736 | 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125736 |
Ref14 | Razzaghi, F; Obour, PB; Arthur, E | 2020 | Does biochar improve soil water retention? A systematic review and meta-analysis | Geoderma 274:28–34. | 10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114055 |
Ref15 | Zhang, Q; Xiao, J; Xue, JH; Zhang, L | 2020 | Quantifying the Effects of Biochar Application on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils: A Global Meta-Analysis | Sustainability 12:3436. . | 10.3390/su12083436 |
Ref16 | Bai, XX; Huang, YW; Ren, W; Coyne, M; Jacinthe, PA; Tao, B; Hui, DF; Yang, J; Matocha, C | 2019 | Responses of soil carbon sequestration to climate-smart agriculture practices: A meta-analysis | Agric For Meteorol. 278:107625. | 10.1111/gcb.14658 |
Ref17 | Borchard, N; Schirrmann, M; Cayuela, ML; Kammann, C; Wrage-Monnig, N; Estavillo, JM; Fuertes-Mendizabal, T; Sigua, G; Spokas, K; Ippolito, JA; Novak, J | 2019 | Biochar, soil and land-use interactions that reduce nitrate leaching and N2O emissions: A meta-analysis | Sci. Total Environ. 2354–64. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.060 |
Ref18 | Li Z, Song Z, Singh BP, Wang H | 2019 | The impact of crop residue biochars on silicon and nutrient cycles in croplands. | Sci Total Environ 659:673–80 | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.381 |
Ref19 | Liu, X; Mao, PN; Li, LH; Ma, J | 2019 | Impact of biochar application on yield-scaled greenhouse gas intensity: A meta-analysis | Sci. Total Environ. p. 969–76. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.396 |
Ref20 | Sha, ZP; Li, QQ; Lv, TT; Misselbrook, T; Liu, XJ | 2019 | Response of ammonia volatilization to biochar addition: A meta-analysis | Sci Total Environ. 655:1387–96. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.316 |
Ref21 | Wu, Z; Zhang, X; Dong, YB; Li, B; Xiong, ZQ | 2019 | Biochar amendment reduced greenhouse gas intensities in the rice-wheat rotation system: six-year field observation and meta-analysis | Agric For Meteorol. 278:107625. | 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107625 |
Ref22 | Zhao, X; Pu, C; Ma, ST; Liu, SL; Xue, JF; Wang, X; Wang, YQ; Li, SS; Lal, R; Chen, F; Zhang, HL | 2019 | Management-induced greenhouse gases emission mitigation in global rice production | Sci Total Environ. 649:1299–306. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.392 |
Ref23 | Awad, YM; Wang, JY; Igalavithana, AD; Tsang, DCW; Kim, KH; Lee, SS; Ok, YS | 2018 | Biochar Effects on Rice Paddy: Meta-analysis | Adv. Agron. 148 | 10.1016/bs.agron.2017.11.005 |
Ref24 | Chen, D; Liu, XY; Bian, RJ; Cheng, K; Zhang, XH; Zheng, JF; Joseph, S; Crowley, D; Pan, GX; Li, LQ | 2018 | Effects of biochar on availability and plant uptake of heavy metals - A meta-analysis | Agric For Meteorol. 278:107625. | 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.004 |
Ref25 | Cong, WW; Meng, J; Ying, SC | 2018 | Impact of soil properties on the soil methane flux response to biochar addition: a meta-analysis | Agric For Meteorol. 278:107625. | 10.1039/c8em00278a |
Ref26 | Ji, C; Jin, YG; Li, C; Chen, J; Kong, DL; Yu, K; Liu, SW; Zou, JW | 2018 | Variation in Soil Methane Release or Uptake Responses to Biochar Amendment: A Separate Meta-analysis | Agric For Meteorol. 278:107625. | 10.1007/s10021-018-0248-y |
Ref27 | Liu, Q; Zhang, YH; Liu, BJ; Amonette, JE; Lin, ZB; Liu, G; Ambus, P; Xie, ZB | 2018 | How does biochar influence soil N cycle? A meta-analysis | Plant Soil 426:211–25 | 10.1007/s11104-018-3619-4 |
Ref28 | Peng, X; Deng, YE; Peng, Y; Yue, K | 2018 | Effects of biochar addition on toxic element concentrations in plants: A meta-analysis | Agric For Meteorol. 278:107625. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.222 |
Ref29 | Zhang, LY; Jing, YM; Xiang, YZ; Zhang, RD; Lu, HB | 2018 | Responses of soil microbial community structure changes and activities to biochar addition: A meta-analysis | Sci Total Environ. 643:926–35. | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.231 |
Ref30 | Cai, YJ; Akiyama, H | 2017 | Effects of inhibitors and biochar on nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate leaching, and plant nitrogen uptake from urine patches of grazing animals on grasslands: A meta-analysis | SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION, 63(4), 405-414. | 10.1080/00380768.2017.1367627 |
Ref31 | Jeffery, S; Abalos, D; Prodana, M; Bastos, AC; van Groenigen, JW; Hungate, BA; Verheijen, F | 2017 | Biochar boosts tropical but not temperate crop yields | Environ. Res. Lett. 053001. | 10.1088/1748-9326/aa67bd |
Ref32 | Zhou, HM; Zhang, DX; Wang, P; Liu, XY; Cheng, K; Li, LQ; Zheng, JW; Zhang, XH; Zheng, JF; Crowley, D; van Zwieten, L; Pan, GX | 2017 | Changes in microbial biomass and the metabolic quotient with biochar addition to agricultural soils: A Meta-analysis | Sci Total Environ. 643:926–35. | 10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.006 |
Ref33 | Liu, SW; Zhang, YJ; Zong, YJ; Hu, ZQ; Wu, S; Zhou, J; Jin, YG; Zou, JW | 2016 | Response of soil carbon dioxide fluxes, soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon to biochar amendment: a meta-analysis | GCB Bioenergy 8:392–406. | 10.1111/gcbb.12265 |
Ref34 | Omondi, MO; Xia, X; Nahayo, A; Liu, XY; Korai, PK; Pan, GX | 2016 | Quantification of biochar effects on soil hydrological properties using meta-analysis of literature data | Geoderma 274:28–34. | 10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.03.029 |
Ref35 | Wang, JY; Xiong, ZQ; Kuzyakov, Y | 2016 | Biochar stability in soil: meta-analysis of decomposition and priming effects | NA | 10.1111/gcbb.12266 |
Ref36 | Maestrini, B; Nannipieri, P; Abiven, S | 2015 | A meta-analysis on pyrogenic organic matter induced priming effect | GCB Bioenergy. 7(4):577-90 | 10.1111/gcbb.12194 |
Ref37 | Thomas SC, Gale N. Biochar and forest restoration: a review and meta-analysis of tree growth responses. | 2015 | Biochar and forest restoration: a review and meta-analysis of tree growth responses. | New For 46:931–46. | 10.1007/s11056-015-9491-7 |
Disclaimer: These fiches present a large amount of scientific knowledge synthesised to assess farming practices impacts on the environment, climate and productivity. The European Commission maintains this WIKI to enhance public access to information about its initiatives. Our goal is to keep this information timely and accurate. If errors are brought to our attention, we will try to correct them. However, the Commission accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to the information on these fiches and WIKI.
[1] Synthesis research papers include either meta-analysis or systematic reviews with quantitative results. Details can be found in the methodology section of the WIKI.
[2] Lean, Geoffrey (7 December 2008). “Ancient skills ‘could reverse global warming’”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011
[3] Lean, Geoffrey (7 December 2008). “Ancient skills ‘could reverse global warming’”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2012
[4] Yousaf, Balal; Liu, Guijian; Wang, Ruwei; Abbas, Qumber; Imtiaz, Muhammad; Liu, Ruijia (2016). “Investigating the biochar effects on C-mineralization and sequestration of carbon in soil compared with conventional amendments using stable isotope (δ13C) approach”. GCB Bioenergy. 9 (6): 1085–1099. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12401
[5] Islam MU, Jiang F, Guo Z, Peng X, 2021. Does biochar application improve soil aggregation? A meta-analysis. Soil Tillage Res; 209:104926. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104926