Description

·         Landscape features are small fragments of natural or semi-natural vegetation in agricultural landscape, which provide ecosystem services and support for biodiversity. Historically, farmers have taken advantage of the natural elements already present in the agricultural landscapes or have created them for various purposes: to use their wood, to create shelter for crops and livestock as well as windbreak barriers, to delimit parcels, or to be able to cultivate on land with steep slope[2].

Key descriptors

·         In most policy documents landscape features are defined as a group/list of subtypes (“features”), such as hedges, ponds, ditches, trees in line, in group or isolated, field margins, terraces, dry-stone or earth walls, vegetated areas, individual monumental trees, water streams, springs or historic canal networks. Nevertheless, there is no standard definition and typology of landscape features, and there are different interpretations in the various sectors and disciplines.

This review applies an ad hoc “typology”, synthesized from the feature types addressed in the scientific literature (i.e., it is not an exhaustive list but comprises only the features found in the literature that meet the requirements to be included in our review). This typology includes twelve (in some cases, partly overlapping) classes of landscape features:

-          Landscape features in general covers all features comprising small areas of permanent non-productive semi-natural vegetation embedded in farmlands, as well as anthropogenic structures such as stone walls. This broad class can involve various types of vegetation (woody, grassy, or wetland), either as historical legacies/remnants[3] or newly established habitat islands. This class covers a large fraction of other more specific landscape feature classes (e.g. hedgerows, field margins), in order to host studies that did not make the distinction between the finer classes below.

-          Buffer strips are narrow linear non-cultivated areas interposed between fields and water streams covered in semi-natural (typically grassland or wetland) vegetation, which are created / retained / managed in order to intercept and treat the waters leaving the cropland[4].

-          Ditches are small human-made linear surface depressions covered by water and/or wetland vegetation, embedded in an agricultural landscape. Ditches are typically created for the purpose of irrigation, drainage, and/or soil erosion prevention[5].

-          Field margins are narrow linear areas on agricultural field borders covered in permanent herbaceous vegetation, which are never intentionally fertilized, sprayed, or tilled[6].

-          Flower strips are small, often linear parts of arable fields that are intentionally sown by the farmers with non-productive flowering plants for biodiversity benefits[7].

-          Hedgerows are narrow linear areas on agricultural field borders covered in unfertilized perennial woody vegetation (shrubs and/or trees)[7].

-          Isolated trees are non-productive trees occurring dispersed / scattered in croplands and/or grasslands, typically as legacies of historical vegetation and land uses[8].

-          Ponds are small surface depressions covered by water and possibly a narrow strip of wetland vegetation, embedded in an agricultural landscape[9].

-          Small wetlands are small transiently flooded surface depressions covered in wetland vegetation and embedded in an agricultural landscape. This class includes the remnants of historical wetland or freshwater ecosystems, and human-made “constructed wetlands” created for treating wastewaters or as a refuge for species[10].

-          Stone walls are rocky vertical surfaces with a variety of typologies. These long-standing anthropogenic structures are used since prehistory as retaining walls and/or as field boundaries. The ages of stone walls has increased their likelihood of exposure to various biotic and abiotic factors, allowing for the establishment of peculiar communities[11].

-          Terraces are anthropogenic structures on sloping terrains created to permit or facilitate cultivation and to reduce the risk of erosion. Terraces consist of one or more “steps” (steep sections covered permanent woody or grassy vegetation or stone walls) and “land blocks” (flat sections that are used for agricultural production, separated by the steps). The specific size, appearance, choice of construction material (i.e., earth, stone or brick), age, land use/vegetation cover of terracing may differ across biogeographical areas[12].

-          Trees in group are small patchy areas of woody vegetation (including trees, shrubs and herbs) embedded in an agricultural landscape. They can range from ancient native woodland remnants, to new plantations of non-native species.

·         This review includes spatial and temporal comparisons between agricultural land (cropland or grassland) with and without landscape features embedded within the farm or with and without landscape features within the surrounding agricultural landscape. In the case of the class landscape features in general, comparisons between landscapes with high and low cover of landscape features were also considered. Studies at the landscape scale were only considered if the landscape surrounding the cropland or grassland has an agricultural use (e.g., no urban or forested landscapes were considered). Spatial comparisons were simultaneously conducted between nearby agricultural lands. Temporal comparisons were conducted in the same agricultural land before and after the establishment or creation of the landscape feature.

·         This review only includes impacts measured in the cropland or grassland with the landscape features embedded or in their surrounding agricultural landscape. The effect of landscape features in other land uses are not included.

This review does not include studies in agroforestry nor in fallowing, which are assessed in separate sets of fiches.

Impact

Intervention

Positive

Negative

No effect

Uncertain*¹

Increase carbon sequestration

Field margins

1 (1)

0

0

0

Hedgerows

3 (3)

0

1(0)

1 (0)

Isolated trees

0

0

0

1 (0)

Terraces

1 (1)

0

1 (1)

0

Decrease nutrient leaching and run-off

Buffer strips

4 (4)

0

0

1 (0)

Ditches and ponds

1 (1)

0

0

1 (0)

Field margins

1 (1)

0

0

0

Hedgerows

1 (1)

0

0

0

Small wetlands

1 (1)

0

0

0

Decrease pests and diseases

Landscape features in general

2 (2)

0

2 (2)

0

Field margins

2 (2)

0

0

0

Flower strips

1 (1)

o

o

o

Hedgerows

2 (2)

0

3 (3)

0

Increase biodiversity*²

Landscape features in general

1 (1)

0

0

1(1)

Buffer strips

0

0

0

1 (0)

Flower strips

0

0

0

1 (0)

Hedgerows

0

0

0

1 (0)

Isolated trees

0

0

0

1 (0)

Trees in group

0

0

0

1 (0)

Increase pollination

Landscape features in general

2 (2)

0

1 (1)

0

Field margins

3 (3)

0

0

0

Flower strips

3 (3)

0

3 (3)

0

Hedgerows

0

0

1 (1)

0

Decrease soil erosion

Buffer strips

3 (2)

0

1 (0)

2 (0)

Field margins

2 (2)

0

0

0

Hedgerows

3 (3)

0

1 (1)

0

Terraces

4 (3)

0

1 (0)

1 (0)

Trees in group

0

0

0

1 (0)

Increase soil nutrients

Hedgerows

1 (1)

0

1 (1)

0

Terraces

0

0

0

1 (0)

Increase water quality

Landscape features in general

1 (1)

0

0

0

Buffer strips

1 (1)

0

0

1 (0)

Ditches

0

0

0

1 (0)

Small wetlands

1 (1)

0

0

0

Increase soil water retention

Terraces

1 (1)

0

0

1 (0)

Increase animal production

Hedgerows

0

0

0

1 (0)

Isolated trees

0

0

0

1 (0)

Increase crop yield

Field margins

1 (1)

0

0

0

Flower strips

0

0

3 (3)

0

Hedgerows

0

0

1 (1)

2 (1)

Isolated trees

0

0

2 (2)

0

Terraces

1 (1)

1 (1)

1 (1)

1 (0)

Trees in group

1 (1)

0

0

0

Keywords

Different searches were conducted with the following search strings:

1)                   TS= ("terrac*" OR "contour bund*" OR "level bench*" OR "level ditch*" OR "fish-scale pit*" OR "dry-stone wall*" OR "dry stone wall*" OR "stone wall*" OR "earth wall*" OR "dry wall*" OR "dry-wall*" OR "rubble wall*”) AND TS= ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TS= (agric* OR cultiv* OR crop* OR farm*)

or

TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("terrac*" OR "contour bund*" OR "level bench*" OR "level ditch*" OR "fish-scale pit*" OR "dry-stone wall*" OR "dry stone wall*" OR "stone wall*" OR "earth wall*" OR "dry wall*" OR "dry-wall*" OR "rubble wall*”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: (agric* OR cultiv* OR crop* OR farm*)

2)                  TS= (“creek*” OR "ditch*" OR "earth bund*" OR “open-channel” OR “intermittent W/4 stream” OR “small W/4 stream”) AND TS= ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TS= ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

or

TITLE-ABS-KEY: (“creek*” OR "ditch*" OR "earth bund*" OR “open-channel” OR “intermittent near/4 stream” OR “small near/4 stream”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

3)                   TS= ("pond*" OR “soda pan*” OR “reedbed*” OR “small W/4 lake*” OR “small W/4 wetland*”) AND TS= ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TS= ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

or

TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("pond*" OR “soda pan*” OR “reedbed*” OR “small near/4 lake*” OR “small near/4 wetland*”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

4)                  TS=((“strip*” OR “margin*” OR “hedge*” OR “edge*” OR “border*” OR “band*” OR “line*” OR “verge*” OR “row*”) near/3 (“element*” OR “feature*” OR “flower*” OR “vegetat*” OR “tree*” OR “shrub*” OR “plant*” OR “grass*” OR “filter*” OR “buffer*” OR “wooded” OR “riparian” OR “field*” OR “wildlife” OR “seminatural” OR “semi-natural” OR “semi natural”)) AND TS=("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TS= ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

merged with

TS= (“margin strip*” OR "windbreak*" OR "shelterbelt*" OR "hedgerow*" OR “road verge*” OR "riparian buffer*" OR "riparian vegetation" OR "riparian woodland*" OR "buffer zone*" OR "riparian zone*" "vegetated filter strip*") AND TS=("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TS= ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

or

TITLE-ABS-KEY: ((“strip*” OR “margin*” OR “hedge*” OR “edge*” OR “border*” OR “band*” OR “line*” OR “verge*” OR “row*”) W/3 (“element*” OR “feature*” OR “flower*” OR “vegetat*” OR “tree*” OR “shrub*” OR “plant*” OR “grass*” OR “filter*” OR “buffer*” OR “wooded” OR “riparian” OR “field*” OR “wildlife” OR “seminatural” OR “semi-natural” OR “semi natural”)) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

merged with

TITLE-ABS-KEY: (“margin strip*” OR "windbreak*" OR "shelterbelt*" OR "hedgerow*" OR “road verge*” OR "riparian buffer*" OR "riparian vegetation" OR "riparian woodland*" OR "buffer zone*" OR "riparian zone*" "vegetated filter strip*") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

5)                   TS=((“patch*” OR “islet*” OR “island*” OR “remnant*” OR “group*” OR “copse*” OR “coppice*”) near/3 (“flower*” OR “vegetat*” OR “tree*” OR “shrub*” OR “grass*” OR “forest*” OR “wooded” OR “field*” OR “wildlife” OR “seminatural” OR “semi-natural” OR “semi natural”)) AND TS=("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TS= ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

merged with

TS=("woodland creation*" OR "mid-field islet*" OR "environmental island*" OR "refuge*" OR "scattered tree*" OR "shading tree*") AND TS=("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TS= ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

or

TITLE-ABS-KEY: ((“patch*” OR “islet*” OR “island*” OR “remnant*” OR “group*” OR “copse*” OR “coppice*”) W/3 (“flower*” OR “vegetat*” OR “tree*” OR “shrub*” OR “grass*” OR “forest*” OR “wooded” OR “field*” OR “wildlife” OR “seminatural” OR “semi-natural” OR “semi natural”)) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

merged with

TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("woodland creation*" OR "mid-field islet*" OR "environmental island*" OR "refuge*" OR "scattered tree*" OR "shading tree*") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

6)                  TS= ("landscape feature*" OR "landscape characteristic*" OR "green infrastructure*" OR "landscape connectivity" OR "landscape diversity" OR "landscape element*" OR "landscape fragment*" OR "landscape mosaic*" OR "landscape structure*" OR “landscape complexity” OR “landscape heterogeneity” OR “landscape composition” OR “landscape configuration” OR "nature-based feature*" OR "linear feature*") AND TS= ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TS= ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

or

TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("landscape feature*" OR "landscape characteristic*" OR "green infrastructure*" OR "landscape connectivity" OR "landscape diversity" OR "landscape element*" OR "landscape fragment*" OR "landscape mosaic*" OR "landscape structure*" OR “landscape complexity” OR “landscape heterogeneity” OR “landscape composition” OR “landscape configuration” OR "nature-based feature*" OR "linear feature*") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

7)                   TS= (“cairn*” OR “rock*” OR “boulder*” OR "secular stone*") AND TS= ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map*" OR "global synthes*" OR "evidence synthes*" OR "research synthes*") AND TS= ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

or

TITLE-ABS-KEY: (“cairn*” OR “rock*” OR “boulder*” OR "secular stone*") AND TS= ("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map*" OR "global synthes*" OR "evidence synthes*" OR "research synthes*") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("agric*" OR "cultiv*" OR "crop*" OR "farm*")

Search dates

First search was conducted in October 2021. A search update was conducted in May 2022. The synthesis papers found in the new search implied the update of the General fiche and the single-impact fiches of Pests and diseases, Pollination and Water quality.

Databases

Web of Science and Scopus, run in May 2022

Selection criteria

The main criteria that led to the exclusion of a synthesis paper were when the paper: 1) does not deal with any landscape feature; 2) does not synthetise pairwise comparisons on the effect of landscape features; 3) does not include results for cropland or grassland; 4) deals with agroforestry; 5) is either a non-systematic review, a non-quantitative systematic review, or a meta-regression without mean effect sizes; 6) is not written in English. Synthesis papers that passed the relevance criteria were subject to critical appraisal carried out on a paper-by-paper basis.

The search returned 449 synthesis papers potentially relevant for the practice object of our fiche. From the 449 potentially relevant synthesis papers, 310 were excluded after reading the title and abstract, and 103 after reading the full text according to the above-mentioned criteria. Finally, 36 synthesis papers were selected for landscape features.

Buffer strips 

Wetlands 

Ditches 

Field margins 

Flower strips 

Hedgerows 

Isolated trees 

Trees in group and field copses 

Terraces 

1

Drexler, S; Gensior, A; Don, A

2021

Carbon sequestration in hedgerow biomass and soil in the temperate climate zone

REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, 21(3), 74.

10.1007/s10113-021-01798-8

2

Lowe, EB; Groves, R; Gratton, C

2021

Impacts of field-edge flower plantings on pollinator conservation and ecosystem service delivery - A meta-analysis

AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT, 310, 107290.

10.1016/j.agee.2020.107290

3

Shen, W; Li, S; Mi, M; Zhuang, Y; Zhang, L

2021

What makes ditches and ponds more efficient in nitrogen control?

AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT, 314, 107409.

10.1016/j.agee.2021.107409

4

Abera, W; Tamene, L; Tibebe, D; Adimassu, Z; Kassa, H; Hailu, H; Mekonnen, K; Desta, G; Sommer, R; Verchot, L

2020

Characterizing and evaluating the impacts of national land restoration initiatives on ecosystem services in Ethiopia

LAND DEGRADATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 31(1), 37-52.

10.1002/ldr.3424

5

Albrecht, M; Kleijn, D; Williams, NM; Tschumi, M; Blaauw, BR; Bommarco, R; Campbell, AJ; Dainese, M; Drummond, FA; Entling, MH; Ganser, D

2020

The effectiveness of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control, pollination services and crop yield: a quantitative synthesis

ECOLOGY LETTERS, 23(10), 1488-1498.

10.1111/ele.13576

6

Carstensen, MV; Hashemi, F; Hoffmann, CC; Zak, D; Audet, J; Kronvang, B

2020

Efficiency of mitigation measures targeting nutrient losses from agricultural drainage systems: A review

AMBIO, 49, 1820-1837.

10.1007/s13280-020-01345-5

7

Chen, D; Wei, W; Chen, L

2020

How can terracing impact on soil moisture variation in China? A meta-analysis

AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 227, 105849.

10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105849

8

England, JR; OGrady, AP; Fleming, A; Marais, Z; Mendham, D

2020

Trees on farms to support natural capital: An evidence-based review for grazed dairy systems

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 704, 135345.

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135345

9

Paiola, A; Assandri, G; Brambilla, M; Zottini, M; Pedrini, P; Nascimbene, J

2020

Exploring the potential of vineyards for biodiversity conservation and delivery of biodiversity-mediated ecosystem services: A global-scale systematic review

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 706, 135839.

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135839

10

Zamorano, J; Bartomeus, I; Grez, AA; Garibaldi, LA

2020

Field margin floral enhancements increase pollinator diversity at the field edge but show no consistent spillover into the crop field: a meta-analysis

INSECT CONSERVATION AND DIVERSITY, 13, 519-531.

10.1111/icad.12454

11

Zheng, YL; Wang, HY; Qin, QQ; Wang, YG

2020

Effect of plant hedgerows on agricultural non-point source pollution: a meta-analysis

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 27(20), 24831-24847.

10.1007/s11356-020-08988-7

12

Jia, L; Zhao, W; Fu, B; Daryanto, S; Wang, S; Liu, Y; Zhai, R

2019

Effects of minimum soil disturbance practices on controlling water erosion in China’s slope farmland: A meta-analysis

LAND DEGRADATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 30(6), 706-716.

10.1002/ldr.3258

13

Marja, R; Kleijn, D; Tscharntke, T; Klein, AM; Frank, T; Batáry, P

2019

Effectiveness of agri-environmental management on pollinators is moderated more by ecological contrast than by landscape structure or land-use intensity

ECOLOGY LETTERS, 22, 1493-1500.

10.1111/ele.13339

14

Valkama, E; Usva, K; Saarinen, M; Uusi-Kamppa, J

2019

A meta-analysis on nitrogen retention by buffer zones

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, 48(2), 270-279.

10.2134/jeq2018.03.0120

15

Coutinho, JGD; Garibaldi, LA; Viana, BF

2018

The influence of local and landscape scale on single response traits in bees: A meta-analysis

AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT, 256, 61-73.

10.1016/j.agee.2017.12.025

16

Duarte, GT; Santos, PM; Cornelissen, TG; Ribeiro, MC; Paglia, AP

2018

The effects of landscape patterns on ecosystem services: meta-analyses of landscape services

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, 33(8), 1247-1257.

10.1007/s10980-018-0673-5

17

Xiong, M; Sun, R; Chen, L

2018

Effects of soil conservation techniques on water erosion control: A global analysis

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 645, 753-760.

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.124

18

Chen, D; Wei, W; Chen, L

2017

Effects of terracing practices on water erosion control in China: A meta-analysis

EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS, 173, 109-121.

10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.08.007

19

Mandal, D; Srivastava, P; Giri, N; Kaushal, R; Cerda, A; Alam, NM

2017

Reversing land degradation through grasses: a systematic meta-analysis in the Indian tropics

SOLID EARTH, 8(1), 217-233.

10.5194/se-8-217-2017

20

Van Vooren, L; Reubens, B; Broekx, S; De Frenne, P; Nelissen, V; Pardon, P; Verheyen, K

2017

Ecosystem service delivery of agri-environment measures: A synthesis for hedgerows and grass strips on arable land

AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT, 244 32-51.

10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.015

21

Land, M; Graneli, W; Grimvall, A; Hoffmann, CC; Mitsch, WJ; Tonderski, KS; Verhoeven, JTA

2016

How effective are created or restored freshwater wetlands for nitrogen and phosphorus removal? A systematic review

ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE, 5, 9.

10.1186/s13750-016-0060-0

22

Wei, W; Chen, D; Wang, LX; Daryanto, S; Chen, LD; Yu, Y; Lu, YL; Sun, G; Feng, TJ

2016

Global synthesis of the classifications, distributions, benefits and issues of terracing

EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS, 159, 388-403.

10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.010

23

Batáry, P; Dicks, LV; Kleijn, D; Sutherland, WJ

2015

The role of agri-environment schemes in conservation and environmental management

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, 29(4), 1006-1016.

10.1111/cobi.12536

24

Dollinger, J; Dagès, C; Bailly, JS; Lagacherie, P; Voltz, M

2015

Managing ditches for agroecological engineering of landscape. A review

AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 35, 999-1020.

10.1007/s13593-015-0301-6

25

Rivest, D; Paquette, A; Moreno, G; Messier, C

2013

A meta-analysis reveals mostly neutral influence of scattered trees on pasture yield along with some contrasted effects depending on functional groups and rainfall conditions

AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT, 165, 74-79.

10.1016/j.agee.2012.12.010

26

Scheper, J; Holzschuh, A; Kuussaari, M; Potts, SG; Rundlf, M; Smith, HG; Kleijn, D

2013

Environmental factors driving the effectiveness of European agri-environmental measures in mitigating pollinator loss – a meta-analysis

ECOLOGY LETTERS, 16(7), 912-20.

10.1111/ele.12128

27

Shackelford, G; Steward, PR; Benton, TG; Kunin, WE; Potts, SG; Biesmeijer, JC; Sait, SM

2013

Comparison of pollinators and natural enemies. A meta-analysis of landscape and local effects on abundance and richness in crops

BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, 88(4), 1002-1021.

10.1111/brv.12040

28

Bayala, J; Sileshi, GW; Coe, R; Kalinganire, A; Tchoundjeu, Z; Sinclair, F; Garrity, D

2012

Cereal yield response to conservation agriculture practices in drylands of West Africa: A quantitative synthesis

JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS, 78, 13-25.

10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.10.011

29

Maetens, W; Poesen, J; Vanmaerck, M

2012

How effective are soil conservation techniques in reducing plot runoff and soil loss inEurope and the Mediterranean?

EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS, 115(1–2), 21-36.

10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.08.003

30

Chaplin-Kramer, R; O’Rourke, ME; Blitzer, EJ; Kremen, C

2011

A meta-analysis of crop pest and natural enemy response to landscape complexity

ECOLOGY LETTERS, 14(9), 922-932.

10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01642.x

31

Haaland, C; Naisbit, RE; Bersier, LF

2011

Sown wildflower strips for insect conservation: A review

INSECT CONSERVATION AND DIVERSITY, 4, 60–80.

10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00098.x

32

Stehle, S; Elsaesser, D; Gregoire, C; Imfeld, G; Niehaus, E; Passeport, E; Payraudeau, S; Schafer, RB; Tournebize, J; Schulz, R

2011

Pesticide risk mitigation by vegetated treatment systems: A meta-analysis

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, 40(4), 1068-1080.

10.2134/jeq2010.0510

33

Zhang, XY; Liu, XM; Zhang, MH; Dahlgren, RA; Eitzel, M

2010

Review of vegetated buffers and a meta-analysis of their mitigation efficacy in reducing nonpoint source pollution

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, 39, 76-84.

10.2134/jeq2008.0496

34

Liu, XM; Mang, XY; Zhang, MH

2008

Major factors influencing the efficacy of vegetated buffers on sediment trapping: A review and analysis

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, 37(5), 1667-1674.

10.2134/jeq2007.0437

35

Mayer, PM; Reynolds, SK; McCutchen, MD; Canfield, TJ

2007

Meta-analysis of nitrogen removal in riparian buffers

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, 36, 1172-1180.

10.2134/jeq2006.0462

36

Dorioz, JM; Wang, D; Poulenard, J; Trévisan, D

2006

The effect of grass buffer strips on phosphorus dynamics — a critical review and synthesis as a basis for application in agricultural landscapes in France

AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT, 117(1), 4-21.

10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.029