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Data extracted in June 2021 July 2021
Fiche created in February 2024

Note to the reader: This general fiche summarises all the environmental and climate impacts of Improved manure land application techniquesMANURE LAND APPLICATION TECHNIQUES found in a systematic review of 12 10 synthesis research papers[1]. These papers were selected from an initial number of 277 yielded by obtained through a systematic literature search strategy, according to the inclusion criteria reported in section 4.  The impacts reported here are those for which there is scientific evidence available in published synthesis papers, what does not preclude the farming practice to have other impacts on the environment and climate still not covered by primary studies or by synthesis papers.

The synthesis papers review a number of primary studies ranging As each synthesis research paper involves a number of individual papers ranging from 21 to 172. Therefore, the assessment of impacts relies on a large number of results from the primary studies, obtained mainly in field experiments (carried out in situations close to real farming environment), and sometimes in lab experiments or from conditions, or sometimes in lab experiments or from model simulations. 

1.     DESCRIPTION OF THE FARMING PRACTICE 

...

• Description:
  • Improved manure land application techniques are used to limit nutrients losses and emissions release during land application of manure (either solid or liquid manure fractions)

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• Key descriptors

...

• :
  • Here, the main types of improved manure land application techniques considered are:

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• • Liquid manure (shallow or deep) placement/injection or solid manure (e.g.

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• •  poultry litter, cattle manure) immediate

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• • incorporation 
  • Manure band application by trailing hoses or other equivalent

...

• • systems 
  • Land application with additives (including mainly nitrification inhibitors, lava meal, biochar, superphosphate, sawdust) 
  • Land application of processed manure fractions (e.g.

...

• •  digestate, composted, solid fraction, liquid fraction, etc.) 
  • Irrigation coupled to manure

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• • application 
  • Avoid manure application to paddy rice fields. 
  • This list is not exhaustive, but covers the improved manure land application techniques found in the

...

• • meta-analyses meeting the selection criteria of our review.
  • Note that the overall impacts of manure processing techniques (e.g.

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• •  anaerobic digestion, improved composting, solid-liquid separation, etc.) are not considered here but addressed in another group of fiches (Manure processing techniques).

...

2.

...

    EFFECTS OF THE

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FARMING PRACTICE ON CLIMATE AND

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

(table 1)

...

We reviewed the impacts of improved manure land application techniques compared to conventional land application techniques (e.g. broadcasting/surface spreading of raw/unprocessed manure). 

The table below shows the number of synthesis papers reporting positive, negative or no effect, based on the statistical comparison of the intervention and the controlwith statistical tests reporting i) a significant difference between the Intervention and the Comparator, that is to say, a significant statistical effect, which can be positive or negative; or ii) a non-statistically significant difference between the Intervention and the Comparator. In addition, we include, if any, the number of synthesis papers reporting relevant results , but without statistical test of the effects (uncertain). The numbers between parentheses indicate the number of synthesis papers with a quality score of at least 50%. Details on quality criteria can be found . Details on the quality assessment of the synthesis papers can be found in the methodology section of this WIKI. 

Out of the 12 10 selected synthesis papers selected, 10 reported 8 included studies conducted in Europe, and 11 9 have a quality score higher than 50%. Some synthesis papers reported more than one impact. .

Table 1: Summary of effects. Number of synthesis papers reporting positive, negative or non-statistically significant effects on environmental and climate impacts. The number of synthesis papers reporting relevant results but without statistical test of the effects are also provided. When not all the synthesis papers reporting an effect are of high quality, the number of synthesis papers with a quality score of at least 50% is indicated in parentheses. Some synthesis papers may report effects for more than one impact, or more than one effect for the same impact.

* Number of synthesis papers that report relevant results but without statistical test comparison of the intervention and the control.  

** accounting for emissions on site, only. 

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SIZE OF THE EFFECT 

Only the factors explicitly studied in the reviewed synthesis papers with a significant effect are reported below. Details regarding the factors can be found in the Summaries of the meta-analyses. 

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Impact 

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Factors 

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Decrease air pollutants emissions 

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Livestock type (ref 10), Manure characteristics (ref 11) 

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Decrease GHG emissions 

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Climate (ref 3), Crop type (ref 3), Water filled pore space (ref 3), Duration of treatment (ref 3), Soil organic carbon (ref 3) 

3.     FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTS ON CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The factors significantly influencing the size and/or direction of the effects on the impacts, according to the synthesis papers included in this review, are reported below. Details about the factors can be found in the summaries of the meta-analyses available in this WIKI.

Table 2: List of factors reported to significantly affect the size and/or direction of the effects on environmental and climate impacts, according to the synthesis papers reviewed. The reference number of the synthesis papers where those factors are explored is given in parentheses.

4.    SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEARCH STRATEGY

Table 3: Systematic review search strategy - methodology and search parameters.

5.     SYNTHESIS PAPERS INCLUDED IN THE REVIEW

Table 4: List of synthesis papers included in this review. More details can be found in the summaries of the meta-analyses.

4. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEARCH STRATEGY

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Keywords 

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TOPIC: (manure  OR slurry  OR digestate  OR (digested near/3 manure)) AND TOPIC: (management  OR storage  OR lagoon*  OR "anaerobic digest*"  OR tank*  OR treatment  OR process*  OR technolog*  OR techni*  OR (soil near/3 application)  OR (soil near/3 distribution)  OR (soil near/3 amend*)  OR biogas  OR precision) AND TOPIC: ("meta-analy*"  OR "systematic* review*"  OR "evidence map"  OR "Global (including Europe) synthesis"  OR "evidence synthesis"  OR "research synthesis")  

or 

TITLE-ABS-KEY: (manure  OR slurry  OR digestate  OR (digested W/3 manure)) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: (management  OR storage  OR lagoon*  OR "anaerobic digest*"  OR tank*  OR treatment  OR process*  OR technolog*  OR techni*  OR (soil W/3 application)  OR (soil W/3 distribution)  OR (soil W/3 amend*)  OR biogas  OR precision) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("meta-analy*"  OR "systematic* review*"  OR "evidence map"  OR "Global (including Europe) synthesis"  OR "evidence synthesis"  OR "research synthesis")  

...

Search dates 

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No time restrictions 

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Databases 

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Web of Science and Scopus, run in July 2021 

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Selection criteria 

...

The main criteria that led to the exclusion of a synthesis paper were if the paper: (1) was out of the scope; (2) did not deal with improved manure land application techniques or dealt with other stages of manure management (e.g. processing, storage, animal housing techniques); (3) reported studies with absolute values of emission factors, without comparing processing techniques with a reference management scenario; (4) did not clearly state the intervention and comparator; (5) was not either a systematic review or a meta-analysis; (6) was not written in English. Synthesis papers that passed the relevance criteria were subject to critical appraisal carried out on paper-by-paper basis. 

The search returned 269 synthesis papers potentially relevant for the practice object of our fiche. Searches for other farming practices added another 8 potentially relevant synthesis papers. From the 277 potentially relevant synthesis papers, 207 were excluded after reading the title and abstract, and 53 after reading the full text according to the above-mentioned criteria. Finally, 17 synthesis papers were selected for improved manure land application techniques. 

5. LIST OF SYNTHESIS PAPERS INCLUDED IN THE REVIEW OF THE FARMING PRACTICE IMPACTS 

[1] Synthesis research papers include either meta-analysis or systematic reviews with quantitative results.

[2] AMEC – Environment & infrastructure UK limited, in partnership with BIO intelligence service. Collection and analysis of data for the control of emissions from the spreading of manure - Final report 2014 for The European Commission. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/Final%20Report.pdf

Disclaimer: These fiches present a large amount of scientific knowledge synthesised to assess farming practices impacts on the environment, climate and productivity. The European Commission maintains this WIKI to enhance public access to information about its initiatives. Our goal is to keep this information timely and accurate. If errors are brought to our attention, we will try to correct them. However, the Commission accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to the information on these fiches and WIKI.

[1] Synthesis research papers include either meta-analysis or systematic reviews with quantitative results. Details can be found in the methodology section of the WIKI[3] For further details on the search strategy and inclusion criteria, see section 4 in single-impact fiches.