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Data extracted in December2021September 2021
Fiche created in December 2023
Note to the reader: This general fiche summarises all the environmental and climate impacts of different GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT practices, namely soil organic amendment, soil fertilisation with conventional or with enhanced-efficiency fertilisers, mowing, grazing and increasing grass/forb species richness, found in a systematic review of 34 33 synthesis research papers papers[1]. These papers were selected from an initial number of 1022 obtained through a systematic literature search strategy, according to the inclusion criteria reported in section 4. The impacts reported here are those for which there is scientific evidence available in published synthesis papers, what does not preclude the farming practice to have other impacts on the environment and climate still not covered by primary studies or by synthesis papers.
The synthesis papers review a number of primary studies ranging from 12 to 141. Therefore, As each synthesis research paper involves a number of primary research papers -ranging from 12 to 257-, the assessment of impacts relies on a large number of results from the primary studies, obtained mainly in field experiments (carried out in situations close to real farming environment), and conditions, or sometimes in lab experiments or from model simulations.
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE FARMING PRACTICE
...
Description
- Description:
- Grasslands are
...
- areas of land predominantly covered by communities of grass-like plants and forbs and may include sparsely occurring trees and shrubs.
...
- In the Eurostat classification, percentages of area covered by such canopies are limited to less than 10 % in the case of trees and to less
...
- than 20 % in the case of shrubs (i.e., low woody plants capable of reaching heights of up to 5
...
- metres)[2]
...
- or shrubs and trees together.[3]
...
- However, in the scientific literature reviewed here, grasslands are usually more broadly defined and might not fully meet such canopy limits.
- This
...
- review includes a wide variety of
...
- grassland types: savannah, grassy deserts, seasonally flooded grasslands, prairies, meadows, pastures, rangelands, salt-marshes, bioenergy perennial grasslands, calcareous grasslands and wooded grasslands. Grasslands differ in terms of:
...
- management intensity
...
- (natural, semi-natural, improved and intensively managed
...
- ); management history: permanent and temporary
...
- ; successional stage
...
- (old successional and secondary grasslands
...
- ); biomes and climates
...
- (semi-arid, temperate, tropical, Mediterranean, tundra, alpine, subalpine, artic and subartic).
...
- Fodder crops
...
- are not included as grasslands.
...
- This review includes several interventions on grasslands:
...
- Soil organic amendments are materials of plant or animal origin that can be added to soil, such as manures, biosolids, green wastes, and composts, to improve the soil quality in terms of its structure and biochemical
...
- function.[4]
...
- This includes also biochar, which is charcoal produced by pyrolysis of biomass in the absence of oxygen.
...
- Enhanced-efficiency fertilisers (EEF) are different types of fertilisers or products associated to fertilisers, which have been developed to better synchronize fertiliser nitrogen (N) release with crop uptake, offering the potential for enhanced N-use efficiency (NUE) in crops and reduce losses[5]. This review includes the use of different types of EEF, namely nitrification inhibitors, urease inhibitors and polymer-coated fertilisers.
...
- Fertilisers are natural or synthetic substances containing chemical elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) that are applied to soils to improve growth and productiveness of plants.[6
...
- ] This review includes the use of both mineral and organic conventional fertilisers.
...
- Mowing is a harvesting practice consisting on cutting the grass.
...
- Grazing is a method of animal husbandry in which livestock are allowed to feed outdoors consuming wild vegetation. Please, note that in this set of fiches grazing is only explored when compared to mowing. Grazing and different grazing intensity are explored in a separate set of fiches.
...
- Increasing grass/forb species richness is a practice normally used to improve the agronomical performance of some grasslands. It consists on reseedings, generally with pluriannual grasses and legumes
...
- .
...
- Key
...
- descriptors:
- This review does not include other practices conducted in grasslands such as grazing nor the conversion of other agricultural land uses to grasslands, which are assessed in separate sets of fiches.
...
- The management practices reviewed here are only conducted in grasslands. However, the use in croplands (i.e., with no distinction between arable lands and grasslands) of nitrification inhibitors and other enhance-efficiency fertilisers, biochar and other soil organic amendments and fertilisers, are assessed in other sets of fiches.
...
- For greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the use of fertilisers is explored separately for N and P fertilisers as effects slightly differ.
- This review does not include grazing or other management practices (i.e, soil amendment and fertilisation, mowing, increasing grass species richness) conducted in grasslands, which are assessed in separate sets of fiches.
2.
...
EFFECTS OF THE FARMING PRACTICE ON CLIMATE AND
...
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
We reviewed the impacts in grasslands of different soil management practices (namely, the use of enhanced-efficiency fertilisers, soil organic amendments and conventional fertilisers) compared to grasslands without such management (Table 1). We also reviewed the impacts in grasslands of grazing, mowing more or less than once a year compared to grasslands mowed once a year (Table 2). Finally, we reviewed the impacts in grasslands of practices pursuing to increase grass/forb species richness compared to grasslands with lower or only one species (Table 3).
The tables show table below shows the number of synthesis papers reporting positive, negative or no effect, based on the statistical comparison of the intervention and the controlwith statistical tests reporting i) a significant difference between the Intervention and the Comparator, that is to say, a significant statistical effect, which can be positive or negative; or ii) a non-statistically significant difference between the Intervention and the Comparator. In addition, we include the number of systematic reviews, if any, the number of synthesis papers reporting relevant results , but without statistical test of the effects (uncertain). The numbers between parentheses indicate the number of synthesis papers with a quality score of at least 50%. Details on quality criteria can . Details on the quality assessment of the synthesis papers can be found in the methodology section of this WIKI.
All selected Out of the 34 synthesis papers selected, 33 reported included studies conducted in Europe while one did not report the geographical origin of the studies included; 33 synthesis papers , and 32 have a quality score higher than 50%. Some synthesis papers reported more than one impact.
Table 1: Summary of effects. Impacts of the use of enhanced-efficiency fertilisers, soil organic amendments and conventional fertilisers compared to grasslands without such management.
...
Impact
...
Intervention
...
Comparator
...
Positive
...
Negative
...
No effect
...
Uncertain*
...
Decrease air pollutants emissions
...
Enhanced-efficiency fertilisers (EEF)
...
No EEF
...
0
...
0
...
0
...
1 (0)
...
Increase biodiversity
...
Soil organic amendments
...
No amendments
...
0
...
0
...
2 (2)
...
0
...
Fertilisers
...
No fertilisers
...
1 (1)
...
4 (4)
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
Decrease ecotoxicity
...
Soil organic amendments
...
No amendments
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
0
...
Decrease GHG emissions
...
Soil organic amendments
...
No amendments
...
0
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
Enhanced-efficiency fertilisers (EEF)
...
No EEF
...
3 (3)
...
0
...
2 (2)
...
0
...
N fertilisers
...
No fertilisers
...
0
...
3 (3)
...
0
...
0
...
NP fertilisers
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
0
...
P fertilisers
...
0
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
Decrease nutrient leaching and run-off
...
Soil organic amendments
...
No amendments
...
0
...
1(1)
...
0
...
0
...
Enhanced-efficiency fertilisers (EEF)
...
No EEF
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
0
...
0
...
Decrease pests and diseases
...
Soil organic amendments
...
No amendments
...
0
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
Increase soil biological quality
...
N fertilisers
...
No fertilisers
...
2 (2)
...
2 (2)
...
4 (4)
...
0
...
Decrease soil erosion
...
Soil organic amendments
...
No amendments
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
0
...
0
...
Increase soil nutrients
...
Fertilisers
...
No fertilisers
...
3 (3)
...
1 (1)
...
3 (3)
...
0
...
Increase carbon sequestration
...
Soil organic amendments
...
No amendments
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
0
...
0
...
N fertilisers
...
No fertilisers
...
0
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
Increase soil water retention
...
Soil organic amendments
...
No amendments
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
0
...
0
...
N fertilisers
...
No fertilisers
...
0
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
Increase plant nutrient uptake
...
N fertilisers
...
No fertilisers
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
0
...
0
...
Increase grassland production
...
Soil organic amendments
...
No amendments
...
2 (2)
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
0
...
Enhanced-efficiency fertilisers (EEF)
...
No EEF
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
0
...
0
...
Fertilisers
...
No fertilisers
...
7 (7)
...
0
...
4 (4)
...
0
Number of synthesis papers reporting positive, negative or non-statistically significant effects on environmental and climate impacts. The number of synthesis papers reporting relevant results but without statistical test of the effects are also provided. When not all the synthesis papers reporting an effect are of high quality, the number of synthesis papers with a quality score of at least 50% is indicated in parentheses. Some synthesis papers may report effects for more than one impact, or more than one effect for the same impact.
|
|
|
| Statistically tested | Non-statistically tested | ||
Impact | Metric | Intervention | Comparator | Significantly positive | Significantly negative | Non-significant | |
Decrease Air pollutants emissions | Ammonia emissions | Enhance-efficiency fertilisers | No enhance-efficiency fertilisers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0) |
Increase Biodiversity | Biodiversity | Delayed first mowing date | Early first mowing date | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Fertilisation | No fertilisation | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | ||
Grazing | Mowing once per year | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Mowing less than once a year | Mowing once per year | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Mowing more than once a year | Mowing once per year | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Soil organic amendment | No amendment | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
Increase Carbon sequestration | Soil organic carbon | Increased grass species richness | Mono- and low grass species richness | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Soil organic amendment | No amendment | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Decrease GHG emissions | GHG emissions | Enhance-efficiency fertilisers | No enhance-efficiency fertilisers | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
N fertilisation | No fertilisation | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
NP fertilisation | No fertilisation | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
P fertilisation | No fertilisation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Soil organic amendment | No biochar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Increase Grassland production | Crop yield | Enhance-efficiency fertilisers | No enhance-efficiency fertilisers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fertilisation | No fertilisation | 7 | 0 | 4 | 0 | ||
Increased grass species richness | Mono- and low grass species richness | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Soil organic amendment | No amendment | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Soil organic amendment | No biochar | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Decrease Heavy metals pollution | Heavy metals | Soil organic amendment | No amendment | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Decrease Nutrient leaching and run-off | NO3 leaching | Enhance-efficiency fertilisers | No enhance-efficiency fertilisers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Decrease Nutrient leaching and run-off | Nutrient loss | Soil organic amendment | No amendment | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Increase Pests and diseases | Pests | Soil organic amendment | No amendment | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Increase Plant nutrient uptake | Nutrient use efficiency | N fertilisation | No fertilisation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Increase Soil biological quality | Soil microorganisms | Increased grass species richness | Mono- and low grass species richness | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
N fertilisation | No fertilisation | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | ||
Decrease Soil erosion | Soil erosion | Soil organic amendment | No amendment | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Increase Soil nutrients | Soil nutrients | Fertilisation | No fertilisation | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Increased grass species richness | Mono- and low grass species richness | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Increase Soil water retention | Soil water retention | N fertilisation | No fertilisation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Soil organic amendment | No amendment | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
3. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTS ON CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The factors significantly influencing the size and/or direction of the effects on the impacts, according to the synthesis papers included in this review, are reported below. Details about the factors can be found in the summaries of the meta-analyses available in this WIKI.
Table 2: List of factors reported to significantly affect the size and/or direction of the effects on environmental and climate impacts, according to the synthesis papers reviewed. The reference number of the synthesis papers where those factors are explored is given in parentheses.
Impact | Factors |
Biodiversity | Climate (Ref25), Date of the early cut (Ref30), Disturbance prior to restoration (Ref3), Duration of treatment (Ref25), Fertiliser type (Ref25), Geographical area (Ref27), Grassland type (Ref27), Historical management (Ref27), Interaction between time since treatment and seeding prior to restoration (Ref3), Mowing date (Ref27), N application rate (Ref32), N content in amendment (Ref13), N fertiliser application rate (Ref25), Organism (Ref27) and Recent management (Ref27) |
Carbon sequestration | Amendment rate (Ref13), Duration of treatment (Ref9, Ref10), Grass plant species richness (Ref9, Ref10), Interaction between grass plant species richness and experimental duration (Ref9), N content in amendment (Ref13) and Time between treatment and measurement (Ref13) |
GHG emissions | Deposition season (Ref19), Excreta type (Ref19) and N fertiliser application rate (Ref18) |
Grassland production | Amendment rate (Ref13), Aridity index (Ref10), Burned before treatment (Ref3), Climate (Ref8, Ref21), Crop type (Ref8), Duration of treatment (Ref9, Ref10), Grass plant species richness (Ref9, Ref10 |
* Number of systematic reviews that report relevant results but without statistical test comparison of the intervention and the control.
...
Impact
...
Intervention
...
Comparator
...
Positive
...
Negative
...
No effect
...
Uncertain
...
Increase biodiversity
...
Delayed first mowing date
...
Early first mowing date
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
Grazing
...
Mowing once a year
...
0
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
Mowing less than once a year
...
0
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
Mowing more than once a year
...
0
...
0
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
Impact
...
Intervention
...
Comparator
...
Positive
...
Negative
...
No effect
...
Uncertain
...
Increase soil biological quality
...
Increasing grass/forb species richness
...
Low species richness
...
4 (4)
...
0
...
3 (3)
...
0
...
Increase soil nutrients
...
Increasing grass/forb species richness
...
Low species richness
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
2 (2)
...
0
...
Increase carbon sequestration
...
Increasing grass/forb species richness
...
Low species richness
...
1 (1)
...
0
...
2 (2)
...
0
...
Increase grassland production
...
Increasing grass/forb species richness
...
Low species richness
...
3 (3)
...
0
...
0
...
0
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SIZE OF THE EFFECT
...
Impact
Factors
Increase biodiversity
Interaction between time since treatment and seeding prior to restoration (ref 6), Disturbance prior to restoration (ref 6), N content in amendment (ref 13), N fertiliser application rate (ref 25), Duration of treatment (ref 25), Climate (ref 25), Fertiliser type (ref 25), Geographical area (ref 27), Grassland type (ref 27), Organism (ref 27), Mowing date (ref 27), Historical management (ref 27), Recent management (ref 27), Date of the early cut (ref 30), N application rate (ref 32)
Decrease ecotoxicity
N content in amendment (ref 13)
Decrease GHG emissions
N fertiliser application rate (ref 18), Excreta type (ref 19), Deposition season (ref 19)
Decrease nutrient leaching and run- off
N content in amendment (ref 13), Deposition season (ref 19), Application rate (ref 19), Timing of application (ref 19)
Increase soil biological quality
Duration of treatment (ref 23, 29)
Decrease soil erosion
Amendment rate (ref 13), N content in amendment (ref 13)
Increase soil nutrients
N application rate (ref 21), Climate (ref 21)
Increase carbon sequestration
), Interaction between grass plant species richness and experimental duration ( |
Ref9), |
Mean annual temperature (Ref3), N |
Increase soil water retention
Duration of treatment (ref 21)
Increase plant nutrient uptake
N fertiliser application rate (ref 28)
Increase grassland production
Time since treatment (ref 6), Burned before treatment (ref 6), Mean annual temperature (ref 6), Seeding prior to restoration (ref 6), Crop type (ref 8), P fertiliser application rate (ref 8), Climate (ref 8, 21), Soil Olsen P levels (ref 8), Grass plant species richness (ref 9, 10), Duration of treatment (ref 9, 10), Interaction between grass plant species richness and experimental duration (ref 9), Aridity index (ref 10), Plot area (ref 10), Amendment rate (ref 13), Time between treatment and measurement (ref 13), Study type (ref 19), Study duration (ref 19), Timing of application (ref 19), N application rate (ref 21)
4. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEARCH STRATEGY
application rate (Ref21), P fertiliser application rate (Ref8), Plot area (Ref10), Seeding prior to restoration (Ref3), Soil Olsen P levels (Ref8), Study duration (Ref19), Study type (Ref19), Time between treatment and measurement (Ref13), Time since treatment (Ref3) and Timing of application (Ref19) | |
Heavy metals pollution | N content in amendment (Ref13) |
Nutrient leaching and run-off | Application rate (Ref19), Deposition season (Ref19), N content in amendment (Ref13) and Timing of application (Ref19) |
Plant nutrient uptake | N fertiliser application rate (Ref28) |
Soil biological quality | Duration of treatment (Ref23 and Ref29) |
Soil erosion | Amendment rate (Ref13) and N content in amendment (Ref13) |
Soil nutrients | Climate (Ref21) and N application rate (Ref21) |
Soil water retention | Duration of treatment (Ref21) |
4. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEARCH STRATEGY
Table 3: Systematic review search strategy - methodology and search parameters.
Parameter | Details |
Keywords | WOS: ( |
Keywords
TS=("grazing*" OR "grassland*" OR "pasture*" OR "rangeland")) AND TS=(("meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis")) |
|
( "grazing*" OR "grassland*" OR "pasture*" OR "rangeland") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( "meta-analy*" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis"))) |
Time reference | No time |
restriction. |
Databases |
Web of Science and Scopus |
: run |
on 21 September 2021 |
Exclusion criteria |
The main criteria that led to the exclusion of a synthesis paper |
are: |
, |
5) |
The full text is not available, 6) The article deals with animal health/welfare and 7) The article deals with feeding strategies. They go only in animal feeding. |
1020 synthesis papers from WOS and SCOPUS on Grassland management plus other 2 retrieved in the search of other farming practices, potentially relevant for the practice object of our fiche. |
657 were excluded after reading the title and abstract, and |
216 after reading the full text according to the above-mentioned criteria. Finally, |
33 synthesis papers were selected |
. |
5.
...
SYNTHESIS PAPERS INCLUDED IN THE
...
REVIEW
Table 4: List of synthesis papers included in this review. More details can be found in the summaries of the meta-analyses.
Ref Num | Author(s) | Year | Title | Journal | DOI |
Ref1 |
...
Ref. Num
Authors
Year
Title
Reference
DOI
Chen, J; Feng, M; Cui, Y; Liu, G |
2021 |
The impacts of nitrogen addition on upland soil methane uptake: A global meta-analysis |
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 795, 148863. |
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148863 |
Ref2 | Chen, XL; Chen, HYH; Searle, EB; Chen, C; Reich, PB |
2021 |
Negative to positive shifts in diversity effects on soil nitrogen over time |
NATURE SUSTAINABILITY, 4, 225–232. |
10.1038/s41893-020-00641-y |
Ref3 |
Ploughe, |
LW; Akin-Fajiye, M; Gagnon, A; Gardner, WC; Fraser, LH | 2021 | Revegetation of degraded ecosystems into grasslands using biosolids as an organic amendment: A meta-analysis | APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, 24(1), e12558. | 10.1111/avsc.12558 |
Ref4 | Barry, KE; van Ruijven, J; Mommer, L; Bai, YF; Beierkuhnlein, C; Buchmann, N; de Kroon, H; Ebeling, A; Eisenhauer, N; Guimaraes-Steinicke, C; Hildebrandt, A; Isbell, F; Milcu, A; Nesshover, C; Reich, PB; Roscher, C; Sauheitl, L; Scherer-Lorenzen, M; Schmid, B; Tilman, D; von Felten, S; Weigelt, A |
2020 |
Limited evidence for spatial resource partitioning across temperate grassland biodiversity experiments |
ECOLOGY, 101(1), e02905. |
10.1002/ecy.2905 |
Ref5 | Chen, XL; Chen, HYH; Chen, C; Ma, ZL; Searle, EB; Yu, ZP; Huang, ZQ |
2020 |
Effects of plant diversity on soil carbon in diverse ecosystems: A global meta-analysis |
BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, 95(1), 167-183. |
10.1111/brv.12554 |
Ref6 | Jia, XY; Zhong, YQW; Liu, J; Zhu, GY; Shangguan, ZP; Yan, WM |
2020 |
Effects of nitrogen enrichment on soil microbial characteristics: From biomass to enzyme activities |
GEODERMA, 366, 114256. |
10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114256 |
Ref7 |
6
Ploughe, LW; Akin-Fajiye, M; Gagnon, A; Gardner, WC; Fraser, LH
2020
Revegetation of degraded ecosystems into grasslands using biosolids as an organic amendment: A meta-analysis
APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, 24(1), e12558.
10.1111/avsc.12558
Prather, RM; Castillioni, K; Kaspari, M; Souza, L; Prather, CM; Reihart, RW; Welti, EAR |
2020 |
Micronutrients enhance macronutrient effects in a meta-analysis of grassland arthropod abundance |
GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY, 29(12), 2273-2288. |
10.1111/geb.13196 |
Ref8 | Ros, MBH; Koopmans, GF; van Groenigen, KJ; Abalos, D; Oenema, O; Vos, HMJ; van Groenigen, JW |
2020 |
Towards optimal use of phosphorus fertiliser |
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 10, 17804. |
10.1038/s41598-020-74736-z |
Ref9 | Wang, C; Tang, YJ; Li, XN; Zhang, WW; Zhao, CQ; Li, C |
2020 |
Negative impacts of plant diversity loss on carbon sequestration exacerbate over time in grasslands |
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 15(10), 104055. |
10.1088/1748-9326/abaf88 |
Ref10 | Xu, S; Eisenhauer, N; Ferlian, O; Zhang, JL; Zhou, GY; Lu, XK; Liu, CS; Zhang, DQ |
2020 |
Species richness promotes ecosystem carbon storage: Evidence from biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments |
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 287, 20202063. |
10.1098/rspb.2020.2063 |
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34
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[1] Synthesis research papers include either meta-analysis or systematic reviews with quantitative results.
[2] https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Shrubland
Yagi, K | 2010 | Evaluation of effectiveness of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers as mitigation options for N2O and NO emissions from agricultural soils: Meta-analysis | GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, 16(6) 1837-1846. | 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02031.x |
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[1] Synthesis research papers include either meta-analysis or systematic reviews with quantitative results. Details can be found in the methodology section of the WIKI.
[2] https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Shrubland
[3] https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Grassland
[4] Diacono, M, and Montemurro, F. 2010. Long‐term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 30, 401–422.
[5] Li, T ; Zhang, W ; Yin, J ; et al. 2018. Enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers are not a panacea for resolving the nitrogen problem. Global Change Biology, 24, e511– e521.
[6[3]https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:GrasslandFertiliser
[47] Diacono Velthof, M, and Montemurro, F. 2010. Long‐term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 30, 401–422GL; Lesschen, JP; Schils, RLM; et al. 2014. Grassland areas, production and use. Methodological studies in the field of Agro-Environmental Indicators. Alterra, Wageningen.