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Data extracted in April 2021 February 2021
Fiche created in May 2024

Note to the reader: This general fiche summarises all the environmental and climate impacts of SOIL AMENDMENT WITH LIME OR AND GYPSUM found in a systematic review of 7 synthesis research papers[1]. These papers were selected from an initial number of 35 obtained through a systematic literature search strategy, according to the inclusion criteria reported in section 4.    . The impacts reported here are those for which there is scientific evidence available in published synthesis papers, what does not preclude the farming practice to have other impacts on the environment and climate still not covered by primary studies or by synthesis papers.

The synthesis papers review As each synthesis research paper involves a number of primary research papers studies ranging from 19 to 175. Therefore, the assessment of impacts relies on a large number of results from the primary studies, obtained mainly in field experiments (carried out in situations close to real farming environment), and conditions, or sometimes in lab experiments or from model simulations.  

1.     DESCRIPTION OF THE FARMING PRACTICE

...

• Description:
  • Soil amendments are the practices used to improve the soil quality in terms of its structure and biochemical function. Most amendments use calcium-containing minerals, such as lime or gypsum. Both types of amendment

...

• • have different chemical properties, as explained in Key descriptors.

...

• • [2]
• Key descriptors

...

• :
  • Different types of calcium-containing minerals are used in practice, in particular

...

• • :[3]
  • Lime refers to a material that can come in different forms, especially calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). It is used to reduce soil acidity and to add calcium or magnesium to the soil. [4]
  • Gypsum, or calcium sulfate dihydrate, (CaSO4 ·2H₂O), is a neutral salt. It can be used to improve soil calcium and sulphur levels. Gypsum is about 200 times more soluble than agricultural lime, allowing it to move readily down the soil profile where it can help to alleviate a range of subsoil problems. In some acid soils, gypsum can be used to ameliorate subsoil aluminium toxicity, while in saline alkaline soils to alleviate sodium toxicity and to regulate soil pH, bulk density and water infiltration. 
  • NA
    
    

2.

...

    EFFECTS OF THE FARMING PRACTICE ON

...

CLIMATE AND

...

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

(table 1)

The table below shows

...

We reviewed the impacts of soil amendment with lime or gypsum vs. no amendment. 

The tables below show the number of synthesis papers with statistical tests reporting positive, negative or no effect, based on the statistical comparison of the intervention and the controli) a significant difference between the Intervention and the Comparator, that is to say, a significant statistical effect, which can be positive or negative; or ii) a non-statistically significant difference between the Intervention and the Comparator. In addition, we include, if any, the number of systematic reviews synthesis papers reporting relevant results but without statistical test of the effects (uncertain). The numbers between parenthesis indicate the number of synthesis papers with a quality score of at least 50%. Details on quality criteria . Details on the quality assessment of the synthesis papers can be found in the methodology section of this WIKI. 

Among Out of the 7 selected synthesis papers, 2 included experiments studies conducted in Europe, and 6 have a quality score higher than 50%.

Table 1: Summary of effects. Number of synthesis papers reporting positive, negative or non-statistically significant effects on environmental and climate impacts. The number of synthesis papers reporting relevant results but without statistical test of the effects are also provided. When not all the synthesis papers reporting an effect are of high quality, the number of synthesis papers with a quality score of at least 50% is indicated in parentheses. Some synthesis papers reported may report effects for more than one impact, or more than one effect for the same impact.

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SIZE OF THE EFFECT

...

3.     FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTS ON CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The factors significantly influencing the size and/or direction of the effects on the impacts, according to the synthesis papers included in this review, are reported below. Details about

...

the factors can be found in the summaries of the meta-analyses

...

Impact  

...

Factors  

...

Soil physico-chemical quality  

...

Incorporation depth (ref 2), Liming rate (ref 3, 5), Lab/field scale (ref 3, 5), Soil salinity (ref 2), Soil organic matter (ref 5), Soil texture (ref 5), Time scale (ref 5),  

...

Carbon sequestration 

...

Application season (ref 2), Climate (ref 6), Liming duration (ref 6), Soil salinity (ref 2), Soil depth (ref 2)  

...

Ecotoxicity  

...

Liming rate (ref 3), Rice cultivar (ref 3), Lab/field scale (ref 3), Soil Cd concentration (ref 3), Soil texture (ref 3), Soil Zn concentration (ref 3), Type of lime (ref 3) 

...

Crop yield  

...

Aluminium saturation (ref 4), Crop species (ref 4, 5), Incorporation depth (ref 2), Irrigation (ref 2), Ploughing (ref 5), Soil texture (ref 5), Soil pH (ref 1), Water table (ref 2), Water deficiency (ref 4) 

available in this WIKI.

Table 2: List of factors reported to significantly affect the size and/or direction of the effects on environmental and climate impacts, according to the synthesis papers reviewed. The reference number of the synthesis papers where those factors are explored is given in parentheses.

4.    SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEARCH STRATEGY

Table 3: Systematic review search strategy - methodology and search parameters.

4. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEARCH STRATEGY 

5.

...

     SYNTHESIS PAPERS INCLUDED IN THE

...

REVIEW

Table 4: List of synthesis papers included in this review. More details can be found in the summaries of the meta-analyses.

...

Disclaimer: These fiches present a large amount of scientific knowledge synthesised to assess farming practices impacts on the environment, climate and productivity. The European Commission maintains this WIKI to enhance public access to information about its initiatives. Our goal is to keep this information timely and accurate. If errors are brought to our attention, we will try to correct them. However, the Commission accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to the information on these fiches and WIKI.

[1] Synthesis research papers include either meta-analysis or systematic reviews with quantitative results. Details can be found in the methodology section of the WIKI.

[2] https://agbmps.osu.edu/bmp/amending-soils-lime-or-gypsum-nrcs-333

[3] https://www.kzndard.gov.za/images/Documents/researchandtechnologydevelopment/publications/researchreports/2015_13_Agricultural_uses_of_lime_and_gypsum.pdf

[4] http://www.gypsoil.com/news-and-events/gypsum-and-lime