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Data extracted in September 2022

Note to the reader: This general fiche summarises all the environmental and climate impacts of MULCHING found in a review of 41 synthesis papers[1]. These papers were selected from an initial number of 554 obtained through a systematic literature search strategy, according to the inclusion criteria reported in section 4.

...

Table 1: Summary of effects flat planting with mulching. The numbers between parentheses indicate the number of synthesis papers with a quality score of at least 50%. Details on quality criteria can be found in the next section.

Impact	Metric	Intervention	Comparator	Positive	Negative	No effect	Uncertain
Decrease Air pollutants emissions	NH3 emissions	Plastic film mulching	No mulching	2 (2)	0	0	0
Decrease Air pollutants emissions	NH3 emissions	Biodegradable mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	0	0	0
Increase Carbon sequestration	Soil organic carbon	Plastic film mulching	No mulching	2 (2)	2 (2)	5 (5)	0
Increase Carbon sequestration	Soil organic carbon	Biodegradable mulching	No mulching	0	0	1 (1)	0
Decrease GHG emissions	CH4 emission	Plastic film mulching	No mulching	4 (4)	0	0	0
		Straw mulching	No mulching	0	1 (1)	1 (1)	0
		Biodegradable mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	0	0	0
Decrease GHG emissions	CH4 uptake	Plastic film mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	3 (3)	2 (2)	0
Decrease GHG emissions	CH4 uptake	Straw mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	0	1 (1)	0
Decrease GHG emissions	GHG aggregated emission	Plastic film mulching	No mulching	0	1 (1)	1 (1)	0
		Straw mulching	No mulching	0	0	1 (1)	0
		Gravel mulching	No mulching	0	0	1 (1)	0
Decrease GHG emissions	N2O emission	Plastic film mulching	No mulching	0	2 (2)	5 (5)	0
		Straw mulching	No mulching	0	2 (2)	3 (3)	0
		Gravel mulching	No mulching	0	0	1 (1)	0
		Biodegradable mulching	No mulching	0	0	1 (1)	0
Decrease Nitrogen footprint		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	0	1 (1)	0
Decrease Nutrient leaching and run-off	N leaching and run-off	Plastic film mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	0	0	0
Decrease Nutrient leaching and run-off	P leaching and run-off	Plastic film mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	0	0	0
Decrease Pests and diseases		Biodegradable mulching	Plastic film mulching	1 (1)	1 (1)	1 (1)	0
Increase Plant nutrient uptake		Straw mulching	No mulching	3 (3)	0	0	0
		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	2 (2)	0	0	0
		Plastic film and straw mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	0	0	0
Increase Plastic residues		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	0	1 (1)	0	0
Increase Soil biological quality		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	2 (2)	1 (1)	1 (1)	0
Decrease Soil erosion		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	3 (3)	0	0	0
Increase Soil nutrients		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	0	0	2 (2)	0
Increase Soil physico-chemical quality		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	0	0	1 (0)	0
Increase Soil water retention		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	6 (6)	0	0	0
Increase Soil water retention		Straw mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	0	0	0
Decrease Water footprint		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	1 (1)	0	0
Decrease Water use		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	15 (15)	3 (3)	8 (8)	0
		Straw mulching	No mulching	6 (6)	0	3 (3)	0
		Biodegradable mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	0	0	0
		Biodegradable mulching	Plastic film mulching	0	1 (1)	0	0
		Mulching (several mulching materials aggregated)	No mulching	1 (1)	0	1 (1)	0
Increase Crop yield		Plastic film mulching	No mulching	26 (26)	1 (1)	4 (3)	0
		Straw mulching	No mulching	10 (10)	0	1 (1)	0
		Gravel mulching	No mulching	1 (1)	0	0	0
		Plastic film and straw mulching	No mulching	2 (2)	0	0	0
		Biodegradable mulching	No mulching	2 (2)	0	0	0
		Biodegradable mulching	Plastic film mulching	0	1 (1)	1 (1)	0

Table 2: Summary of effects ridge and furrow planting with mulching. The numbers between parentheses indicate the number of synthesis papers with a quality score of at least 50%. Details on quality criteria can be found in the next section.

Impact	Metric	Intervention	Comparator	Positive	Negative	No effect	Uncertain
Decrease GHG emissions	CH4 uptake	Ridge and furrow with mulching	Flat planting with no mulching	0	1 (1)	1 (1)	0
Decrease GHG emissions	N2O emission	Ridge and furrow with mulching	Flat planting with no mulching	0	1 (1)	1 (1)	0
Decrease Soil water retention		Ridge and furrow with mulching	Flat planting with no mulching	1 (1)	0	0	0
Increase Water use		Ridge and furrow with mulching	Flat planting with no mulching	4 (4)	2 (2)	3 (3)	0
Increase Crop yield		Ridge and furrow with mulching	Flat planting with no mulching	6 (6)	0	1 (1)	0

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE IMPACTS OF THE FARMING PRACTICE ON ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE

Only the factors explicitly studied in the reviewed synthesis papers with a significant effect are reported below. Details regarding the factors can be found in the summaries of the meta-analyses.

Impacts	Factors
Air pollutants emissions	Cropping system type (Ref17), Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref10) and Mineral N fertiliser application rate (Ref17).
Carbon sequestration	Climate (Ref23), Crop type (Ref19, Ref23, Ref38), Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref23), Plant density (Ref23), Soil texture (Ref23) and Type of mulching (Ref19).
GHG emissions	Climate (Ref18, Ref18, Ref33), Crop type (Ref2, Ref19, Ref33), Duration of treatment (Ref33), Film ratio (Ref8), Film thickness (Ref19), irrigation (Ref19), Irrigation method (Ref2), Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref33), Mulching area (Ref2), Mulching material (Ref2, Ref8), Mulching patterns (Ref2), N application rate (Ref18), Planting method (Ref8), Soil organic carbon (Ref33), Soil texture (Ref8, Ref33), Straw C/N ratio (Ref33) and Type of mulching (Ref19)
Nitrogen footprint	Mean annual precipitation (Ref26)
Nutrient leaching and run-off	Cropping system type (Ref17), Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref10) and Mineral N fertiliser application rate (Ref17).
Pests and diseases	Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref35, Ref42), Tillage (Ref35) and Water consumption (Ref42).
Plant nutrient uptake	Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref35, Ref42), Tillage (Ref35) and Water consumption (Ref42).
Plastic residues	Mean annual precipitation (Ref26)
Soil biological quality	Climate (Ref23), Crop type (Ref23), Fertliser type (Ref4), Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref23), Mulching material (Ref4), Plant density (Ref23), Soil pH (Ref4) and Soil texture (Ref23).
Soil erosion	Cropping system type (Ref17), Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref10) and Mineral N fertiliser application rate (Ref17).
Soil nutrients	Climate (Ref23), Crop type (Ref23), Fertliser type (Ref4), Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref23), Mulching material (Ref4), Plant density (Ref23), Soil pH (Ref4) and Soil texture (Ref23).
Soil physico-chemical quality	Mean annual precipitation (Ref26)
Soil water retention	Film type (Ref27), Mean annual precipitation (Ref1), Mean annual temperature (Ref1), Mulching cycle (Ref27), Plastic film residue (Ref27), Soil depth (Ref16, Ref38), Soil texture (Ref1) and Tillage intensity (Ref1).
Water footprint	Crop type (Ref7) and Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref7)
Water use	Climate (Ref9), Crop type (Ref9, Ref16, Ref22, Ref31, Ref38), Geographical area (Ref9), Mean annual precipitation (Ref3, Ref6, Ref16), Mean annual temperature (Ref1, Ref3, Ref37), Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref16), Mulching material (Ref6), Planting method (Ref6), Plastic film residue (Ref31), Region/geographic area (Ref37), Soil depth (Ref16), Soil texture (Ref1, Ref9), Soil type (Ref9), Tillage intensity (Ref1) and Water consumption (Ref9, Ref37)
Crop yield	Climate (Ref1, Ref9, Ref11, Ref18, Ref18, Ref23), Crop type (Ref2, Ref8, Ref9, Ref19, Ref22, Ref23, Ref31, Ref38), Geographical area (Ref9), Irrigation method (Ref2), Mean annual precipitation (Ref3, Ref16, Ref26, Ref38, Ref40), Mean annual temperature (Ref3, Ref37, Ref40, Ref42), Mineral fertiliser addition (Ref37), Mineral N fertiliser amount applied (Ref16, Ref35, Ref42), Mineral N fertiliser application rate (Ref38), Mulching material (Ref2, Ref6, Ref8, Ref37), N application rate (Ref18), Plant density (Ref23), Planting method (Ref8), Plastic film residue (Ref27, Ref31), Region/geographic area (Ref37), Soil organic matter (Ref42), Soil texture (Ref1, Ref8, Ref13, Ref23), Soil type (Ref9, Ref40), Tillage (Ref35), Tillage intensity (Ref1), Type of country (Ref23), Type of mulching (Ref19) and Water consumption (Ref9, Ref37, Ref42)

4. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEARCH STRATEGY

Parameter	Details
Keywords	WOS: ("crop residue" OR "residue from crop" OR "field residue" OR "plant residue" OR "agricult residue" OR "legume residue" OR "pruning residue" OR "plant litter" OR "straw" OR "stubble" OR "residue* retention" OR "residue* return" OR "residue* burning" OR "residue* incorporation" OR "mulch" ) (All Fields) AND ( "meta-analy" OR "systematic* review" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis") (All Fields) and SCOPUS: (TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( "crop residue" OR "residue* from crop" OR "field residue" OR "plant residue" OR "agricult residue" OR "legume residue" OR "pruning residue" OR "plant litter" OR "straw" OR "stubble" OR "residue* retention" OR "residue* return" OR "residue* burning" OR "residue* incorporation" OR "mulch" ) ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( "meta-analy" OR "systematic* review*" OR "evidence map" OR "global synthesis" OR "evidence synthesis" OR "research synthesis" ) ) )
Time reference	No time restriction.
Databases	Web of Science and Scopus: run on 27 September 2022
Selection criteria	The main criteria that led to the exclusion of a synthesis paper are: 1) Out of the scope, 2) Not a meta-analysis (MA) or a systematic review, 3) Is a MA of experimental trials, 4) Not available, 5) Not in English, 6) Not proper comparison, 7) No impacts on environment, 8) Dataset already used in other MA for same impact, 9) Not on cropland and 10) Living mulch (or biological mulching) Synthesis papers that passed the relevance criteria were subject to critical appraisal carried out on a paper-by-paper basis.   The search returned 545 syntehsis papers from WoS and SCOPUS on Mulching plus other 9 retrieved in the search of other farming practices, potentially relevant for the practice object of our fiche. From the 554 potentially relevant synthesis papers, 340 were excluded after reading the title and abstract, and 173 after reading the full text according to the above-mentioned criteria. Finally, 41 synthesis papers were selected.

5. LIST OF REFERENCES

Ref Num	Author(s)	Year	Title	Journal	DOI
Ref1	Adil M., Zhang S., Wang J., Shah A.N., Tanveer M., Fiaz S.	2022	Effects of Fallow Management Practices on Soil Water, Crop Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat Monoculture System: A Meta-Analysis	FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE, 13:825309.	10.3389/fpls.2022.825309
Ref2	Guo, C, Liu, XF	2022	Effect of soil mulching on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in China: A meta-analysis	PLOS ONE, 17(1), e0262120.	10.1371/journal.pone.0262120
Ref3	Han X., Feng Y., Zhao J., Ren A., Lin W., Sun M., Gao Z.	2022	Hydrothermal conditions impact yield, yield gap and water use efficiency of dryland wheat under different mulching practice in the Loess Plateau	AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 264, 107422.	10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107422
Ref4	Li Y., Xie H., Ren Z., Ding Y., Long M., Zhang G., Qin X., Siddique K.H.M., Liao Y.	2022	Response of soil microbial community parameters to plastic film mulch: A meta-analysis	GEODERMA, 418, 115851.	10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115851
Ref5	Mak-Mensah E., Yeboah F.K., Obour P.B., Usman S., Essel E., Bakpa E.P., Zhang D., Zhou X., Wang X., Zhao X., Zhao W., Wang Q., Adingo S., Ahiakpa J.K.	2022	Integration of ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting systems and soil amendments improve crop yield under semi-arid conditions	PADDY AND WATER ENVIRONMENT, 20(3), 287-302.	10.1007/s10333-022-00900-y
Ref6	Minhua Y., Yanlin M., Yanxia K., Qiong J., Guangping Q., Jinghai W., Changkun Y., Jianxiong Y.	2022	Optimized farmland mulching improves alfalfa yield and water use efficiency based on meta-analysis and regression analysis	AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 267, 107617.	10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107617
Ref7	Wang L., Li L., Xie J., Luo Z., Sumera A., Zechariah E., Fudjoe S.K., Palta J.A., Chen Y.	2022	Does plastic mulching reduce water footprint in field crops in China? A meta-analysis	AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 260, 107293.	10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107293
Ref8	Wei H., Zhang F., Zhang K., Qin R., Zhang W., Sun G., Huang J.	2022	Effects of soil mulching on staple crop yield and greenhouse gas emissions in China: A meta-analysis	FIELD CROPS RESEARCH, 284, 108566.	10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108566
Ref9	Zhang W., Dong A., Liu F., Niu W., Siddique K.H.M.	2022	Effect of film mulching on crop yield and water use efficiency in drip irrigation systems: A meta-analysis	SOIL AND TILLAGE RESEARCH, 221, 105392.	10.1016/j.still.2022.105392
Ref10	Abdo A.I., Shi D., Li J., Yang T., Wang X., Li H., Abdel-Hamed E.M.W., Merwad A.-R.M.A., Wang L.	2021	Ammonia emission from staple crops in China as response to mitigation strategies and agronomic conditions: Meta-analytic study	JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION, 279, 123835.	10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123835
Ref11	He G., Wang Z., Hui X., Huang T., Luo L.	2021	Black film mulching can replace transparent film mulching in crop production	FIELD CROPS RESEARCH, 261, 108026.	10.1016/j.fcr.2020.108026
Ref12	Lei T., Luo C., Zhang R., Hu C., Xu J., Sadras V., Yang X., Zhang S.	2021	Partial-film mulch returns the same gains in yield and water use efficiency as full-film mulch with reduced cost and lower pollution: a meta-analysis	JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, 101(14), 5956-5962.	10.1002/jsfa.11248
Ref13	Li Y., Yang J., Shi Z., Pan W., Liao Y., Li T., Qin X.	2021	Response of root traits to plastic film mulch and its effects on yield	SOIL AND TILLAGE RESEARCH, 209, 104930.	10.1016/j.still.2020.104930
Ref14	Liu R., Thomas B.W., Shi X., Zhang X., Wang Z., Zhang Y.	2021	Effects of ground cover management on improving water and soil conservation in tree crop systems: A meta-analysis	CATENA, 199, 105085.	10.1016/j.catena.2020.105085
Ref15	Qin X., Huang T., Lu C., Dang P., Zhang M., Guan X.-K., Wen P.-F., Wang T.-C., Chen Y., Siddique K.H.M.	2021	Benefits and limitations of straw mulching and incorporation on maize yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency	AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 256, 107128.	10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107128
Ref16	Ren A.-T., Zhou R., Mo F., Liu S.-T., Li J.-Y., Chen Y., Zhao L., Xiong Y.-C.	2021	Soil water balance dynamics under plastic mulching in dryland rainfed agroecosystem across the Loess Plateau	AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT, 312, 107354.	10.1016/j.agee.2021.107354
Ref17	Sha Z., Liu H., Wang J., Ma X., Liu X., TomMisselbrook	2021	Improved soil-crop system management aids in NH3 emission mitigation in China	ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, 289, 117844.	10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117844
Ref18	Wang H., Zheng J., Fan J., Zhang F., Huang C.	2021	Grain yield and greenhouse gas emissions from maize and wheat fields under plastic film and straw mulching: A meta-analysis	FIELD CROPS RESEARCH, 270, 108210.	10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108210
Ref19	Yu Y., Zhang Y., Xiao M., Zhao C., Yao H.	2021	A meta-analysis of film mulching cultivation effects on soil organic carbon and soil greenhouse gas fluxes	CATENA, 206, 105483.	10.1016/j.catena.2021.105483
Ref20	Zhang S., Wang H., Sun X., Fan J., Zhang F., Zheng J., Li Y.	2021	Effects of farming practices on yield and crop water productivity of wheat, maize and potato in China: A meta-analysis	AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 243, 106444.	10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106444
Ref21	Chen, J, Xiao, HB, Li, ZW, Liu, C, Ning, K, Tang, CJ	2020	How effective are soil and water conservation measures (SWCMs) in reducing soil and water losses in the red soil hilly region of China? A meta -analysis of field plot data	SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 735, 139517.	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139517
Ref22	Gu X., Cai H., Fang H., Li Y., Chen P., Li Y.	2020	Effects of degradable film mulching on crop yield and water use efficiency in China: A meta-analysis	SOIL AND TILLAGE RESEARCH, 202, 104676.	10.1016/j.still.2020.104676
Ref23	Mo F., Yu K.-L., Crowther T.W., Wang J.-Y., Zhao H., Xiong Y.-C., Liao Y.-C.	2020	How plastic mulching affects net primary productivity, soil C fluxes and organic carbon balance in dry agroecosystems in China	JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION, 263, 121470.	10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121470
Ref24	Tofanelli M.B.D., Wortman S.E.	2020	Benchmarking the agronomic performance of biodegradable mulches against polyethylene mulch film: A meta-analysis	AGRONOMY, 10, 1618.	10.3390/agronomy10101618
Ref25	Wang J., Pan Z., Pan F., He D., Pan Y., Han G., Huang N., Zhang Z., Yin W., Zhang J., Peng R., Wang Z.	2020	The regional water-conserving and yield-increasing characteristics and suitability of soil tillage practices in Northern China	AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 228, 105883.	10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105883
Ref26	Wang L., Coulter J.A., Li L., Luo Z., Chen Y., Deng X., Xie J.	2020	Plastic mulching reduces nitrogen footprint of food crops in China: A meta-analysis	SCIENCE OF TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 748, 141479.	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141479
Ref27	Zhang D., Ng E.L., Hu W., Wang H., Galaviz P., Yang H., Sun W., Li C., Ma X., Fu B., Zhao P., Zhang F., Jin S., Zhou M., Du L., Peng C., Zhang X., Xu Z., Xi B., Liu X., Sun S., Cheng Z., Jiang L., Wang Y., Gong L., Kou C., Li Y., Ma Y., Huang D., Zhu J., Yao J., Lin C., Qin S., Zhou L., He B., Chen D., Li H., Zhai L., Lei Q., Wu S., Zhang Y., Pan J., Gu B., Liu H.	2020	Plastic pollution in croplands threatens long-term food security	GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, 26(6), 3356-3367.	10.1111/gcb.15043
Ref28	Zheng H., Shao R., Xue Y., Ying H., Yin Y., Cui Z., Yang Q.	2020	Water productivity of irrigated maize production systems in Northern China: A meta-analysis	AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 234, 106119.	10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106119
Ref29	Cuevas, J., Daliakopoulos, I.N., del Moral, F., Hueso, J.J., Tsanis, I.K.	2019	A Review of Soil-Improving Cropping Systems for Soil Salinization	AGRONOMY, 9(6), 295.	10.3390/agronomy9060295
Ref30	Gao H., Yan C., Liu Q., Ding W., Chen B., Li Z.	2019	Effects of plastic mulching and plastic residue on agricultural production: A meta-analysis	SCIENCE OF TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 651, 484-492.	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.105
Ref31	Gu J., Nie H., Guo H., Xu H., Gunnathorn T.	2019	Nitrous oxide emissions from fruit orchards: A review	ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 201, 166-172.	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.046
Ref32	Hu N., Chen Q., Zhu L.	2019	The responses of soil N2O emissions to residue returning systems: A meta-analysis	SUSTAINABILITY, 11(3), 748.	10.3390/su11030748
Ref33	Lee H., Lautenbach S., Nieto A.P.G., Bondeau A., Cramer W., Geijzendorffer I.R.	2019	The impact of conservation farming practices on Mediterranean agro-ecosystem services provisioning—a meta-analysis	REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, 19(8), 2187-2202.	10.1007/s10113-018-1447-y
Ref34	Wang L., Coulter J.A., Palta J.A., Xie J., Luo Z., Li L., Carberry P., Li Q., Deng X.	2019	Mulching-induced changes in tuber yield and nitrogen use efficiency in potato in China: A meta-analysis	AGRONOMY, 9(12), 793.	10.3390/agronomy9120793
Ref35	He G., Wang Z., Li S., Malhi S.S.	2018	Plastic mulch: Tradeoffs between productivity and greenhouse gas emissions	JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION, 172, 1311-1318.	10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.269
Ref36	Li Q., Li H., Zhang L., Zhang S., Chen Y.	2018	Mulching improves yield and water-use efficiency of potato cropping in China: A meta-analysis	FIELD CROPS RESEARCH, 221, 50-60.	10.1016/j.fcr.2018.02.017
Ref37	Ma D., Chen L., Qu H., Wang Y., Misselbrook T., Jiang R.	2018	Impacts of plastic film mulching on crop yields, soil water, nitrate, and organic carbon in Northwestern China: A meta-analysis	AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 202, 166-173.	10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.001
Ref38	Xiong, M., Sun, R., Chen, L.	2018	Effects of soil conservation techniques on water erosion control: A global analysis	SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 645, 753-760.	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.124
Ref39	Yu Y.-Y., Turner N.C., Gong Y.-H., Li F.-M., Fang C., Ge L.-J., Ye J.-S.	2018	Benefits and limitations to straw- and plastic-film mulch on maize yield and water use efficiency: A meta-analysis across hydrothermal gradients	EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY, 99, 138-147.	10.1016/j.eja.2018.07.005
Ref40	Daryanto S., Wang L., Jacinthe P.-A.	2017	Can ridge-furrow plastic mulching replace irrigation in dryland wheat and maize cropping systems?	AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 190, 1-5.	10.1016/j.agwat.2017.05.005
Ref41	Qin W., Hu C., Oenema O.	2015	Soil mulching significantly enhances yields and water and nitrogen use efficiencies of maize and wheat: A meta-analysis	SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 5, 16210.	10.1038/srep16210

[1] Synthesis research papers include either meta-analysis or systematic reviews with quantitative results.

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3. DESCRIPTION OF THE IMPACTS OF THE FARMING PRACTICE ON ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE

4. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEARCH STRATEGY

5. LIST OF REFERENCES