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As each synthesis research paper involves a number of primary research papers ranging from 7 to 172, the assessment of impacts relies on a large number of results obtained mainly in field experiments (carried out in situations close to real farming environment), and sometimes in lab experiments or from model simulations.  

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE FARMING PRACTICE 

Description  

  • Improved manure storage techniques are used to avoid nutrients losses and emissions release from manure storage facilities (storage tanks, solid manure heaps, etc.) 2. 

Key descriptors 

This review includes the following improved manure storage techniques: 

  • Additives: Physical (e.g. zeolite, biochar, medical stone, grape seeds and physical mixtures), chemical (e.g. acidic substances, metal salts, phosphogypsum, Mg-P salts, Ca-superphosphate and chemical mixtures) or microbial (e.g. nitrite oxidizing bacteria, nitrogen turnover bacteria and other compound microbial agents). 
  • Covers of either solid or liquid manure storage facilities, including plastic membranes, floating biomass or inert materials, natural crusts. 
  • Storage with biofilters (intercepting and treating air emissions from storage facilities). 
  • Manure acidification during storage. 
  • Manure cooling during storage. 
  • Compaction of solid manure heaps. 
  • Periodical cleaning of storage tanks 

Please, note that this is not an exhaustive list of improved manure storage techniques but of those found in the literature that meet the requirements to be included in our review. 

This review does not include techniques related to manure processing (e.g. anaerobic digestion, improved composting, solid-liquid separation, etc.), which are included in another group of fiches (Manure processing techniques). 

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE IMPACTS OF THE FARMING PRACTICE ON CLIMATE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

We reviewed the impacts of improved manure storage techniques compared to conventional storage techniques. 

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***Accounting for the contribution of all GHGs (N2O, CH4, CO2), each one with its specific global warming potential, expressed as CO2-equivalents 

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SIZE OF THE EFFECT 

Only the factors explicitly studied in the reviewed synthesis papers with a significant effect are reported below. Details regarding the factors can be found in the summaries of the meta-analyses. 

Impact 

Factors 

Decrease air pollutants emissions 

Type of technology (ref 1), Type of additive (ref 1, ref 7), Livestock type (ref 5), Manure characteristics (ref 6), Application dosage (ref 7), Initial moisture content (ref 7), Initial pH (ref 7), Initial C/N ratio (ref 7), Temperature in the heap (ref 14), Bulk density (ref 14) 

Decrease GHG emissions 

Type of technology (ref 1), Type of additive (ref 1, ref 7), Initial moisture content (ref 7, ref 14), Additive properties (ref 7), Bulk density (ref 14) 

Decrease nutrients leaching and run-off 

Additive type (ref 7), Additive properties (ref 7), Application dosage (ref 7), Initial moisture content (ref 7), Initial C/N ratio (ref 7) 

4. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SEARCH STRATEGY

Keywords 

TOPIC: (manure  OR slurry  OR digestate  OR (digested near/3 manure)) AND TOPIC: (management  OR storage  OR lagoon*  OR "anaerobic digest*"  OR tank*  OR treatment  OR process*  OR technolog*  OR techni*  OR (soil near/3 application)  OR (soil near/3 distribution)  OR (soil near/3 amend*)  OR biogas  OR precision) AND TOPIC: ("meta-analy*"  OR "systematic* review*"  OR "evidence map"  OR "global synthesis"  OR "evidence synthesis"  OR "research synthesis")  

or 

TITLE-ABS-KEY: (manure  OR slurry  OR digestate  OR (digested W/3 manure)) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: (management  OR storage  OR lagoon*  OR "anaerobic digest*"  OR tank*  OR treatment  OR process*  OR technolog*  OR techni*  OR (soil W/3 application)  OR (soil W/3 distribution)  OR (soil W/3 amend*)  OR biogas  OR precision) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY: ("meta-analy*"  OR "systematic* review*"  OR "evidence map"  OR "global synthesis"  OR "evidence synthesis"  OR "research synthesis")  

Search dates 

No time restrictions 

Databases 

Web of Science and Scopus, run in July 2021 

Selection criteria 

The main criteria that led to the exclusion of a synthesis paper were if the paper: (1) was out of the scope; (2) did not deal with improved manure storage techniques or dealt with other stages of manure management (e.g. processing, land application, animal housing techniques); (3) reported studies with absolute values of emission factors, without comparing storage techniques with a reference management scenario; (4) did not clearly state the intervention and comparator; (5) was not either a systematic review or a meta-analysis; (6) was not written in English. Synthesis papers that passed the relevance criteria were subject to critical appraisal carried out on paper-by-paper basis. 

The search returned 269 synthesis papers potentially relevant for the practice object of our fiche. Searches for other farming practices added another 8 potentially relevant synthesis papers. From the 277 potentially relevant synthesis papers, 223 were excluded after reading the title and abstract, and 40 after reading the full text according to the above-mentioned criteria. Finally, 14 synthesis papers were selected for improved manure storage techniques. 

7. LIST OF SYNTHESIS PAPERS INCLUDED IN THE REVIEW

Ref. Num 

Authors 

Year 

Title 

Reference 

DOI 

1 

Zhang Z., Liu D., Qiao Y., Li S., Chen Y., Hu C. 

2021 

Mitigation of carbon and nitrogen losses during pig manure composting: A meta-analysis 

Science of the Total Environment 783 147103 

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147103 

2 

Zhao, SX; Schmidt, S; Qin, W; Li, J; Li, GX; Zhang, WF 

2020 

Towards the circular nitrogen economy - A global meta-analysis of composting technologies reveals much potential for mitigating nitrogen losses 

Sci. Total Environ. 704, 135401 

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135401 

3 

Ba, SD; Qu, QB; Zhang, KQ; Groot, JCJ 

2020 

Meta-analysis of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from dairy manure composting 

Biosystems engineering 

10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.02.015 

4 

Emmerling, C; Krein, A; Junk, J 

2020 

Meta-Analysis of Strategies to Reduce NH3 Emissions from Slurries in European Agriculture and Consequences for Greenhouse Gas Emissions 

Agronomy 10, 1633 

10.3390/agronomy10111633 

5 

Ti, CP; Xia, LL; Chang, SX; Yan, XY 

2019 

Potential for mitigating global agricultural ammonia emission: A meta-analysis 

Environ. Pollut. 245, 141–148 

10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.124 

6 

Wang, Y; Xue, W; Zhu, Z; Yang, J; Li, X; Tian, Z;Dong, H; Zou, G; 

2019 

Mitigating ammonia emissions from typical broiler and layer manure management - A system analysis 

Waste Management 

10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.019 

7 

Cao Y, Wang X, Bai Z, Chadwick D, Misselbrook T, Sommer SG, Qin W, Ma L 

2019 

Mitigation of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane emissions during solid waste composting with different additives: A meta-analysis 

Journal of Cleaner Production 

10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.288 

8 

Akdeniz, N 

2019 

A systematic review of biochar use in animal waste composting 

Waste Management 

10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.054 

9 

Sajeev, EPM; Winiwarter, W; Amon, B 

2018 

Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions from Different Stages of Liquid Manure Management Chains: Abatement Options and Emission Interactions 

Journal of environmental quality 

10.2134/jeq2017.05.0199 

10 

Wang, Y; Li, XR; Yang, JF; Tian, Z; Sun, QP; Xue, WT; Dong, HM 

2018 

Mitigating Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions from Beef Cattle Feedlot Production: A System Meta-Analysis 

Environmental Science & Technology 

10.1021/acs.est.8b02475 

11 

Wang, Y; Dong, HM; Zhu, ZP; Gerber, PJ; Xin, HW; Smith, P; Opio, C; Steinfeld, H; Chadwick, D 

2017 

Mitigating Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure Management: A System Analysis 

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 

10.1021/acs.est.6b06430 

12 

Jayasundara, S; Appuhamy, JADRN; Kebreab, E; Wagner-Riddle, C 

2016 

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Canadian dairy farms and mitigation options: An updated review 

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 

10.1139/cjas-2015-0111 

13 

Hou, Y; Velthof, GL; Oenema, O 

2015 

Mitigation of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane emissions from manure management chains: a meta-analysis and integrated assessment 

Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 1293–1312 

10.1111/gcb.12767 

14 

Pardo, G; Moral, R; Aguilera, E; del Prado, A 

2015 

Gaseous emissions from management of solid waste: a systematic review 

Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 1313–1327 

10.1111/gcb.12806 

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