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Note to the reader: This general fiche summarises all the environmental and climate impacts of CROP ROTATION found in a systematic review of 17 synthesis research papers [1]. These papers were selected from an initial number of 248 yielded by a systematic literature search strategy, according to the inclusion criteria reported in section 4. 

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Description  

Crop rotation on arable land is the practice of alternating crops grown on a specific field in a planned pattern or sequence in successive crop years, so that crops of the same species are not grown without interruption on the same field. In a rotation, the crops are normally changed annually, but they can also be multi-annual. If the same crop is grown continuously, the term monoculture can be used to describe the phenomenonphenomenon [2]. 

Key descriptors 

  • This review includes three types of crop rotation comparisons 2: (i) rotations of two crops compared to monocroppingmonocropping [3] (in 10 synthesis papers), (ii) rotations of 3 or more crops compared to monocropping (in 2 synthesis papers), and (iii) rotations of 3 or more crops compared to crop rotation of two crops (in 2 synthesis papers). Seven synthesis papers did not clearly specify the type of rotation (more diverse rotations vs. monocropping or 2-crop rotation). 
  • This review does not include synthesis research papers that study the primary effects of: (i) cover crops - plants that are cultivated to cover (and protect) the soil instead of being harvested (i.e., studies where cover crops were only present in the intervention group and not in the control, were excluded), (ii) break crops - alternative crops to interrupt the repeated sowing of a cash crop, and (iii) fallowing - leave the arable land without planting for at least one year. The direct impacts of these three practices are evaluated in separate sets of fiches. 

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Number 

Author 

Year 

Title 

Reference 

doi 

1 

Audette, Y; Congreves, KA; Schneider, K; Zaro, GC; Nunes, ALP; Zhang, HJ; Voroney, RP 

2021 

The effect of agroecosystem management on the distribution of C functional groups in soil organic matter: A review 

BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS, 57, 881–894. 

10.1007/s00374-021-01580-2 

2 

Puissant, J; Villenave, C; Chauvin, C; Plassard, C; Blanchart, E; Trap, J 

2021 

Quantification of the global impact of agricultural practices on soil nematodes: A meta-analysis 

SOIL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY, 161, 108383 

10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108383 

3 

Zhao, J; Yang, YD; Zhang, K; Jeong, J; Zeng, ZH; Zang, HD 

2020 

Does crop rotation yield more in China? A meta-analysis 

FIELD CROPS RESEARCH, 245, 107659 

10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107659 

4 

Weisberger, D; Nichols, V; Liebman, M 

2019 

Does diversifying crop rotations suppress weeds? A meta-analysis 

PLOS ONE, 14, e0219847 

10.1371/journal.pone.0219847 

5 

Assefa, Y; Prasad, PVV; Foster, C; Wright, Y; Young, S; Bradley, P; Stamm, M; Ciampitti, IA 

2018 

Major management factors determining spring and winter canola yield in North America 

CROP SCIENCE, 58, 1-16. 

10.2135/cropsci2017.02.0079 

6 

King, AE; Blesh, J 

2018 

Crop rotations for increased soil carbon: perenniality as a guiding principle 

ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, 28, 249-261. 

10.1002/eap.1648 

7 

Mahal, NK; Castellano, MJ; Miguez, FE 

2018 

Conservation agriculture practices increase potentially mineralizable nitrogen: a meta-analysis 

SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL, 82, 1270–1278 

10.2136/sssaj2017.07.0245 

8 

Han, Zhen; Walter, M. Todd; Drinkwater, Laurie E. 

2017 

N2O emissions from grain cropping systems: a meta-analysis of the impacts of fertilizer-based and ecologically-based nutrient management strategies 

NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS, 107, 335-355 

10.1007/s10705-017-9836-z 

9 

Ma B.-L., Wu W. 

2016 

Crop productivity and environment impact in a maize-legume rotation system: A review 

Crop rotations: farming practices, monitoring and environmental benefits. Nova Science Publisher Inc, New York, 1-33 

ISBN: 978-1-63484-496-3 

10 

Sainju, UM 

2016 

A global meta-analysis on the impact of management practices on net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity from cropland soils 

PLOS ONE, 11, e0148527 

10.1371/journal.pone.0148527 

11 

Venter, ZS; Jacobs, K; Hawkins, HJ 

2016 

The impact of crop rotation on soil microbial diversity: A meta-analysis 

PEDOBIOLOGIA, 59, 215-223 

10.1016/j.pedobi.2016.04.001 

12 

Congreves, KA; Smith, JM; Nemeth, DD; Hooker, DC; Van Eerd, LL 

2014 

Soil organic carbon and land use: Processes and potential in Ontario's long-term agro-ecosystem research sites 

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, 94, 317-336 

10.4141/CJSS2013-094 

13 

Decock C 

2014 

Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from corn cropping systems in the midwestern us: potential and data gaps 

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 48, 4247–4256 

10.1021/es4055324 

14 

McDaniel, MD; Tiemann, LK; Grandy, AS 

2014 

Does agricultural crop diversity enhance soil microbial biomass and organic matter dynamics? A meta-analysis 

ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, 24, 560–570 

10.1890/13-0616.1 

15 

Ugarte, CM; Kwon, H; Andrews, SS; Wander, MM 

2014 

A meta-analysis of soil organic matter response to soil management practices: An approach to evaluate conservation indicators 

JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION, 69, 422-430 

10.2489/jswc.69.5.422 

16 

Lekberg, Y; Koide, RT 

2005 

Is plant performance limited by abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? A meta-analysis of studies published between 1988 and 2003 

NEW PHYTOLOGIST, 168, 189-204. 

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01490.x 

17 

West, TO; Post, WM 

2002 

Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation: A global data analysis 

SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL, 66, 1930-1946 

10.2136/sssaj2002.1930 

[1] Synthesis research papers include either meta-analysis or systematic reviews with quantitative results.

[2] Eurostat. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Crop_rotation.

[3] Monocropping is the continuous growing of the same species on a piece of land over a sequence of growing seasons (C.A. Francis, P. Porter, in Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences (Second Edition), 2017.