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Note to the reader: This general fiche summarises all the environmental and climate impacts of cover/catch crops, found in a review of 39 synthesis research paperspapers [1]. These papers were selected from an initial number of 159 obtained through a systematic literature search strategy, according to the inclusion criteria reported in section 4.   

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Description  

Cover crops are grown to provide vegetative cover between rows of main crops in orchards and vineyards, or in the period between two main arable crops to prevent erosion and  minimize the risk of surface runoff by improving the infiltration. They may also function as catch crops, which scavenge the remaining nitrogen after the main crop is harvested, thereby reducing nutrient losses from leaching. They are temporary crops that may be cut and removed or incorporated into the soil. The practice of incorporating crops into the soil to provide nutrient is defined as "green manuring".[2] Spontaneous vegetation left growing with the same purpose of cover crops is also included under this practice.  

Key descriptors 

Cover/catch crops include: 

  • Crops sown on purpose during the fallow season, or undersown to winter/spring main crops, or sown between rows of tree or vineyard crops as mean of soil living cover. 
  • Spontaneous vegetation left growing with the objective of covering the soil. 
  • Mono- or multi-species cover/catch crops including legumes (N-fixing species), non-legumes (grass or broadleafs) or mixtures. 
  • Permanent/annual intercropping in orchards, i.e. refers to the maintenance of a permanent cover crop in the alleys, such as aromatics, while annual intercropping means the presence of cover crops in the alleys that are annually harvested or incorporated into the soil. 

Cover/catch crops are terminated before the main cash crop is harvested, by different strategies: 

  • Mechanical, tillage with direct incorporation to soil or herbicide termination  

Cover/catch crops biomass, after termination, can be either: 

  • left on soil as mulch or green manure. 
  • incorporated as green manure. 
  • harvested and exported from the field. 

Catch/cover crops or spontaneous living soil cover are compared to bare soil during fallow season (e.g. winter) or to uncovered soil/active removal of spontaneous vegetation by tillage. 

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Number 

Author 

Year 

Title 

Reference 

doi 

1 

Fang, LF; Shi, XJ; Zhang, Y; Yang, YH; Zhang, XL; Wang, XZ; Zhang, YT 

2021 

The effects of ground cover management on fruit yield and quality: a meta-analysis 

ARCHIVES OF AGRONOMY AND SOIL SCIENCE 

10.1080/03650340.2021.1937607 

2 

Liu, R; Thomas, B; Shi, XJ; Zhang, XL; Wang, ZC; Zhang, YT 

2021 

Effects of ground cover management on improving water and soil conservation in tree crop systems: A meta-analysis 

CATENA 199, 105085 

10.1016/j.catena.2020.105085 

3 

Wang, J; Zhang, SH; Sainju, UM; Ghimire, R; Zhao, FZ 

2021 

A meta-analysis on cover crop impact on soil water storage, succeeding crop yield, and water-use efficiency 

Agricultural Water Management, 256, 107085 

10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107085 

4 

Muhammad, I; Wang, J; Sainju, UM; Zhang, SH; Zhao, FZ; Khan, A 

2021 

Cover cropping enhances soil microbial biomass and affects microbial community structure: A meta-analysis 

Geoderma 381, 114696 

10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114696 

5 

Puissant, J; Villenave, C; Chauvin, C; Plassard, C; Blanchart, E; Trap, J 

2021 

Quantification of the global impact of agricultural practices on soil nematodes: A meta-analysis 

SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY, 161, 108383 

10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108383 

6 

McClelland, SC; Paustian, K; Schipanski, ME 

2021 

Management of cover crops in temperate climates influences soil organic carbon stocks: a meta-analysis 

Ecological applications, 31, 3, e02278 

10.1002/eap.2278 

7 

Crystal-Ornelas, R; Thapa, R; Tully, KL 

2021 

Soil organic carbon is affected by organic amendments, conservation tillage, and cover cropping in organic farming systems: A meta-analysis 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 312, 107356 

10.1016/j.agee.2021.107356 

8 

Jian, Jinshi; Lester, Brandon J.; Du, Xuan; Reiter, Mark S.; Stewart, Ryan D. 

2020 

A calculator to quantify cover crop effects on soil health and productivity 

Soil and Tillage Research 199, 104575 

10.1016/j.still.2020.104575 

9 

Kim, N; Zabaloy, MC; Guan, KY; Villamil, MB 

2020 

Do cover crops benefit soil microbiome? A meta-analysis of current research 

SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY, 142, 107701. 

10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107701 

10 

Nicholas, V; Martinez-Feria, R; Weisberger, D; Carlson, S; Basso, B; Basche, A 

2020 

Cover crops and weed suppression in the US Midwest: A meta-analysis and modeling study 

AGR ENV LETT 2020;5, e20022 

10.1002/ael2.20022 

11 

Payen FT, Sykes A, Aitkenhead M, Alexander P, Moran D, MacLeod M. 

2020 

Soil organic carbon sequestration rates in vineyard agroecosystems under different soil management practices: A meta-analysis 

J. Clean. Prod. Elsevier 125736 

10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125736 

12 

Jian, Jinshi; Du, Xuan; Reiter, Mark S.; Stewart, Ryan D. 

2020 

A meta-analysis of global cropland soil carbon changes due to cover cropping 

Soil Biol. Biochem. 143, 107735 

10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107735 

13 

Morugan-Coronado, A; Linares, C; Gomez-Lopez, MD; Faz, A; Zornoza, R 

2020 

The impact of intercropping, tillage and fertilizer type on soil and crop yield in fruit orchards under Mediterranean conditions: A meta-analysis of field studies 

Agric. Syst. 178, 102736 

10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102736 

14 

Bai, XL; Zhang, ZB; Cui, JJ; Liu, ZJ; Chen, ZJ; Zhou, JB 

2020 

Strategies to mitigate nitrate leaching in vegetable production in China: a meta-analysis 

Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, 18382–18391 

10.1007/s11356-020-08322-1 

15 

Lee, H; Lautenbach, S; Nieto, APG; Bondeau, A; Cramer, W; Geijzendorffer, IR 

2019 

The impact of conservation farming practices on Mediterranean agro-ecosystem services provisioning-a meta-analysis 

REG ENVIRON CHANGE 

10.1007/s10113-018-1447-y 

16 

Gu, JX; Nie, HH; Guo, HJ; Xu, HH; Gunnathorn, T 

2019 

Nitrous oxide emissions from fruit orchards: A review 

Atmospheric Environment 201, 166-172 

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.046 

17 

Muhammad, I., Sainju, U.M., Zhao, F., (…), Fu, X., Wang, J. 

2019 

Regulation of soil CO2 and N2O emissions by cover crops: A meta-analysis 

Soil and Tillage Research 192, pp. 103-112 

10.1016/j.still.2019.04.020 

18 

Shackelford, GE; Kelsey, R; Dicks, LV 

2019 

Effects of cover crops on multiple ecosystem services: Ten meta-analyses of data from arable farmland in California and the Mediterranean 

LAND USE POLICY, 88, 104204. 

10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104204 

19 

Basche, AD; DeLonge, MS 

2019 

Comparing infiltration rates in soils managed with conventional and alternative farming methods: A meta-analysis 

PloS one, 14 (9): e0215702. 

10.1371/journal.pone.0215702 

20 

Meyer, N; Bergez, JE; Constantin, J; Justes, E 

2019 

Cover crops reduce water drainage in temperate climates: A meta-analysis 

Agronomy for Sustainable Development 39, 3 

10.1007/s13593-018-0546-y 

21 

Osipitan OA, Dille JA, Assefa Y, Radicetti E, Ayeni A, Knezevic SZ 

2019 

Impact of cover crop management on level of weed suppression: A meta-analysis 

Crop Science 59, 3, 833-842 

10.2135/cropsci2018.09.0589 

22 

Hallama, M; Pekrun, C; Lambers, H; Kandeler, E 

2019 

Hidden miners - the roles of cover crops and soil microorganisms in phosphorus cycling through agroecosystems 

NA 

10.1007/s11104-018-3810-7 

23 

Bai, XX; Huang, YW; Ren, W; Coyne, M; Jacinthe, PA; Tao, B; Hui, DF; Yang, J; Matocha, C 

2019 

Responses of soil carbon sequestration to climate-smart agriculture practices: A meta-analysis 

Global Change Biology, 25, 2591-2606 

10.1111/gcb.14658 

24 

Toler, HD; Auge, RM; Benelli, V; Allen, FL; Ashworth, AJ 

2019 

Global Meta-Analysis of Cotton Yield and Weed Suppression from Cover Crops 

Crop science 59, 3, 1248-1261 

10.2135/cropsci2018.10.0603 

25 

Winter, S; Bauer, T; Strauss, P; Kratschmer, S; Paredes, D; Popescu, D; Landa, B; Guzman, G; Gomez, JA; Guernion, M; Zaller, JG; Batary, P 

2018 

Effects of vegetation management intensity on biodiversity and ecosystem services in vineyards: A meta-analysis 

J APPL ECOL 

10.1111/1365-2664.13124 

26 

Thapa R, Mirsky SB, Tully KL 

2018 

Cover Crops Reduce Nitrate Leaching in Agroecosystems:A Global Meta-Analysis 

Journal of Environmental Quality 47, 6, 1400-1411 

10.2134/jeq2018.03.0107 

27 

Osipitan, OA; Dille, JA; Assefa, Y; Knezevic, SZ 

2018 

Cover Crop for Early Season Weed Suppression in Crops: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 

Agronomy Journal 110, 6, 2211-2221 

10.2134/agronj2017.12.0752 

28 

Mahal, NK; Castellano, MJ; Miguez, FE 

2018 

Conservation Agriculture Practices Increase Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen: A Meta-Analysis 

SOIL SCI SOC AM J, 82, 1270–1278 

10.2136/sssaj2017.07.0245 

29 

Marcillo GS, Miguez FE 

2017 

Corn yield response to winter cover crops: An updated meta-analysis 

JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION 72, 3, 226 -239 

10.2489/jswc.72.3.226 

30 

Han, Z; Walter, MT; Drinkwater, LE 

2017 

N2O emissions from grain cropping systems: a meta-analysis of the impacts of fertilizer-based and ecologically-based nutrient management strategies 

NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS, 107, 335-355. 

10.1007/s10705-017-9836-z 

31 

Bowles, TM; Jackson, LE; Loeher, M; Cavagnaro, TR 

2017 

Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta-analysis of tillage and cover crop effects 

Journal of applied ecology 54, 6, 1785-1793 

10.1111/1365-2664.12815 

32 

Basche, A; DeLonge, M 

2017 

The Impact of Continuous Living Cover on Soil Hydrologic Properties: A Meta-Analysis 

SOIL SCI SOC AM J, 81, 5, 1179-1190 

10.2136/sssaj2017.03.0077 

33 

Alvarez, Roberto; Steinbach, Haydee S.; De Paepe, Josefina L. 

2017 

Cover crop effects on soils and subsequent crops in the pampas: A meta-analysis 

Soil and Tillage Research 170, 53-65 

10.1016/j.still.2017.03.005 

34 

Wortman, Sam E. 

2016 

Weedy fallow as an alternative strategy for reducing nitrogen loss from annual cropping systems 

Agronomy for Sustainable Development 61 

10.1007/s13593-016-0397-3 

35 

Pecio A., Jarosz Z. 

2016 

Long-term effects of soil management practices on selected indicators of chemical soil quality [Wpływ wieloletniego stosowania zabiegów agrotechnicznych na wybrane właściwości chemiczne gleb] 

Acta Agrobotanica 69, 2 

10.5586/aa.1662 

36 

Valkama E, Lemola R, Känkänen H, Turtola E 

2015 

Meta-analysis of the effects of undersown catch crops on nitrogen leaching loss and grain yields in the Nordic countries 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 203, 93-101 

10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.023 

37 

Basche, A.D.; Miguez, F.E.; Kaspar, T.C.; Castellano, M.J.; 

2014 

Do cover crops increase or decrease nitrous oxide emissions? A meta-analysis 

JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION, 69, 471-482. 

10.2489/jswc.69.6.471 

38 

Quemada, M.; Baranski, M.; Nobel-de Lange, M. N. J.; Vallejo, A.; Cooper, J. M. 

2013 

Meta-analysis of strategies to control nitrate leaching in irrigated agricultural systems and their effects on crop yield 

AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT 

10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.018 

39 

Tonitto, C; David, MB; Drinkwater, LE 

2006 

Replacing bare fallows with cover crops in fertilizer-intensive cropping systems: A meta-analysis of crop yield and N dynamics 

AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT, 112, 58–72. 

10.1016/j.agee.2005.07.003 

[1] Synthesis research papers include either meta-analysis or systematic reviews with quantitative results.

[2] Inglett, P.W., Reddy, K.R., Corstanje, R., 2005. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment | ScienceDirect.