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  • the proc surveymeans procedure is used to estimate the coefficients of variation for totals of continuous variables and for ratios,

  • the proc surveyfreq procedure is used to estimate the standard errors for proportions and for shares.

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<strong> Counts </strong> <a href="#counts" aria-describedby="footnote-label" id="counts-ref"></a> are first converted to proportions and then the standard errors are estimated for the corresponding proportions. A count is converted to a proportion by considering the total number of holdings in the country as denominator. The total number of holdings in the country is used as fixed denominator for all proportions. This is important to keep in mind, because the proportion value depends on the denominator and the standard error value depends on the proportion value. 
The following section presents some specific issues which should be considered when estimating variance, according to the discussion<a href="#diss" aria-describedby="footnote-label" id="diss-ref"></a> and conclusions<a href="#con" aria-describedby="footnote-label" id="con-ref"></a> of the 2017 Working Group.

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